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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Aparisi Pozo, J. A., Bailey, A. J., Cabrera Urban, S., Cardillo, F., Castillo Gimenez, V., et al. (2021). The ATLAS Fast TracKer system. J. Instrum., 16(7), P07006–61pp.
Abstract: The ATLAS Fast TracKer (FTK) was designed to provide full tracking for the ATLAS high-level trigger by using pattern recognition based on Associative Memory (AM) chips and fitting in high-speed field programmable gate arrays. The tracks found by the FTK are based on inputs from all modules of the pixel and silicon microstrip trackers. The as-built FTK system and components are described, as is the online software used to control them while running in the ATLAS data acquisition system. Also described is the simulation of the FTK hardware and the optimization of the AM pattern banks. An optimization for long-lived particles with large impact parameter values is included. A test of the FTK system with the data playback facility that allowed the FTK to be commissioned during the shutdown between Run 2 and Run 3 of the LHC is reported. The resulting tracks from part of the FTK system covering a limited eta-phi region of the detector are compared with the output from the FTK simulation. It is shown that FTK performance is in good agreement with the simulation.
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Esteve, R., Toledo, J., Monrabal, F., Lorca, D., Serra, L., Mari, A., et al. (2012). The trigger system in the NEXT-DEMO detector. J. Instrum., 7, C12001–9pp.
Abstract: NEXT-DEMO is a prototype of NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with Xenon TPC), an experiment to search for neutrino-less double beta decay using a 100 kg radio-pure, 90 % enriched (136Xe isotope) high-pressure gaseous xenon TPC with electroluminescence readout. The detector is based on a PMT plane for energy measurements and a SiPM tracking plane for topological event filtering. The experiment will be located in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory in Spain. Front-end electronics, trigger and data-acquisition systems (DAQ) have been built. The DAQ is an implementation of the Scalable Readout System (RD51 collaboration) based on FPGA. Our approach for trigger is to have a distributed and reconfigurable system in the DAQ itself. Moreover, the trigger allows on-line triggering based on the detection of primary or secondary scintillation light, or a combination of both, that arrives to the PMT plane.
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Houarner, C., Boujrad, A., Tripon, M., Bezard, M., Blaizot, M., Bourgault, P., et al. (2025). NUMEXO2: a versatile digitizer for nuclear physics. J. Instrum., 20(5), T05004–21pp.
Abstract: NUMEXO2 is a 16 channels 14 bit/200 MHz digitizer and processing board initially developed for gamma-ray spectroscopy (for EXOGAM: EXOtic nuclei GAMma ray). NUMEXO2 has been gradually extended and improved as a general purpose digitizer to fulfill various needs in nuclear physics detection at GANIL. This was possible thanks to reprogrammable components like FPGAs and the optimization of different algorithms. The originality of this work compared to similar systems is that all numerical operations follow the digital data flow from ADCs, without any storage step of samples. Some details are given on digital processing of the signals, delivered by a large variety of detectors: HPGe, silicon strip detector, ionisation chamber, liquid and plastic scintillators read-out with photomultipliers, Multi Wire Proportional Counter and drift chamber. Thanks to this high versatility, the NUMEXO2 digitizer is extensively used at GANIL (Grand Acc & eacute;l & eacute;rateur National d'Ions Lourds). Some of the performances of the module are also reported.
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PTOLEMY Collaboration(Ammendola, R. et al), & Gariazzo, S. (2026). Ultra-high precision high voltage system for PTOLEMY. J. Instrum., 21(4), P04009–19pp.
Abstract: The PTOLEMY project is prototyping a novel electromagnetic filter for high-precision β spectroscopy, with the ultimate and ambitious long-term goal of detecting the cosmic neutrino background through electron capture on tritium bound to graphene. Intermediate small-scale prototypes can achieve competitive sensitivity to the effective neutrino mass, even with reduced energy resolution. To reach an energy resolution better than 500 meV at the tritium β-spectrum endpoint of 18.6 keV, and accounting for all uncertainties in the filtering chain, the electrode voltage must be controlled at the level of a few parts per million and monitored in real time. In this work, we present the first results obtained in this effort, using a chain of commercial ultra-high-precision voltage references, read out by precision multimeters and afield mill device. The currently available precision on high voltage is, in the conservative case, as low as 0.2 ppm per 1 kV single board and less than or similar to 50 mV over the 10 kV series, presently limited by field mill read-out noise. However, assuming uncor related Gaussian noise extrapolation, the real precision could in principle be as low as 0.05 ppm over 20 kV.
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