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Martinez-Lopez, E., Fuster-Martinez, N., Boronat, M., Grudiev, A., Gimeno, B., Gonzalez-Iglesias, D., et al. (2026). RF design of 3 GHz SCDTL structures for ion beams in medical accelerators. Nucl. Eng. Technol., 58(8), 104361–11pp.
Abstract: Linear accelerators provide significant advantages for hadron therapy, including fast energy modulation and reduced activation compared to circular machines. Although Side-Coupled Drift Tube LINACs (SCDTLs) are commonly integrated into the injector designs of such accelerators due to their compactness and efficiency, a detailed and systematic radio-frequency (RF) design and optimization framework focusing on their electromagnetic characteristics, RF efficiency, and achievable accelerating gradients is notably absent in existing literature. This study introduces a thorough approach to the RF design and optimization of a 3 GHz SCDTL structure, presented as a representative study for ion acceleration in medical applications, based on standard design parameters for such systems. By carefully refining the geometry of both accelerating and side-coupling cavities, as well as fine-tuning the coupling system, the work achieves maximized effective shunt impedance and achievable acceleration voltage, while ensuring compliance with limits on the maximum surface electric field and the modified Poynting vector. The findings provide a clear pathway to balance compact design and RF efficiency, contributing to the advancement of practical and high-performance 3 GHz SCDTL implementations in hadron therapy LINACs.
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Martinez-Reviriego, P., Fuster-Martinez, N., Esperante, D., Boronat, M., Gimeno, B., Blanch, C., et al. (2025). High-power performance studies of an S-band high-gradient accelerating cavity for medical applications. Nucl. Eng. Technol., 57(1), 103164–10pp.
Abstract: High-Gradient accelerating cavities are one of the main research lines in the development of compact linear accelerators. However, the operation of such accelerating cavities is currently limited by non-linear electromagnetic effects that are intensified at high electric fields, such as RF breakdowns, dark currents and radiation. A novel normal-conducting High Gradient S-band Backward Travelling Wave accelerating cavity for medical application (v = 0.38c) has been designed and constructed at CERN with a design gradient of 50 MV/m. In this paper, the high-power performance studies of this novel design carried out at the IFIC high-power laboratory are presented, as well as the analysis of the conditioning parameters in combination with numerical simulations.
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Verdu-Andres, S., Amaldi, U., & Faus-Golfe, A. (2013). CABOTO, a high-gradient linac for hadrontherapy. J. Radiat. Res., 54, 155–161.
Abstract: The field of hadrontherapy has grown rapidly in recent years. At present the therapeutic beam is provided by a cyclotron or a synchrotron, but neither cyclotrons nor synchrotrons present the best performances for hadrontherapy. The new generation of accelerators for hadrontherapy should allow fast active energy modulation and have a high repetition rate, so that moving organs can be appropriately treated in a reasonable time. In addition, a reduction of the dimensions and cost of the accelerators for hadrontherapy would make the acquisition and operation of a hadrontherapy facility more affordable, which would translate into great benefits for the potential hadrontherapy patients. The 'cyclinac', an accelerator concept that combines a cyclotron with a high-frequency linear accelerator (linac), is a fast-cycling machine specifically conceived to allow for fast active energy modulation. The present paper focuses on CABOTO (CArbon BOoster for Therapy in Oncology), a compact, efficient high-frequency linac that can accelerate C6+ ions and H-2 molecules from 150-410 MeV/u in similar to 24 m. The paper presents the latest design of CABOTO and discusses its performances.
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