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Alvarez-Ruso, L., Hayato, Y., & Nieves, J. (2014). Progress and open questions in the physics of neutrino cross sections at intermediate energies. New J. Phys., 16, 075015–62pp.
Abstract: New and more precise measurements of neutrino cross sections have renewed interest in a better understanding of electroweak interactions on nucleons and nuclei. This effort is crucial to achieving the precision goals of the neutrino oscillation program, making new discoveries, like the CP violation in the leptonic sector, possible. We review the recent progress in the physics of neutrino cross sections, putting emphasis on the open questions that arise in the comparison with new experimental data. Following an overview of recent neutrino experiments and future plans, we present some details about the theoretical development in the description of (anti) neutrino-induced quasielastic (QE) scattering and the role of multi-nucleon QE-like mechanisms. We cover not only pion production in nucleons and nuclei but also other inelastic channels including strangeness production and photon emission. Coherent reaction channels on nuclear targets are also discussed. Finally, we briefly describe some of the Monte Carlo event generators, which are at the core of all neutrino oscillation and cross-section measurements.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Amoros, G., Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo Gimenez, V., Costa, M. J., Escobar, C., et al. (2011). Measurement of the transverse momentum distribution of Z/gamma* bosons in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Phys. Lett. B, 705(5), 415–434.
Abstract: A measurement of the Z/gamma* transverse momentum (p(T)(Z)) distribution in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV is presented using Z/gamma* -> e(+)e(-) and Z/gamma* -> mu(+)mu(-) decays collected with the ATLAS detector in data sets with integrated luminosities of 35 pb(-1) and 40 pb(-1), respectively. The normalized differential cross sections are measured separately for electron and muon decay channels as well as for their combination up to pi of 350 GeV for invariant dilepton masses 66 GeV < m(ll) < 116 GeV. The measurement is compared to predictions of perturbative QCD and various event generators. The prediction of resummed QCD combined with fixed order perturbative QCD is found to be in good agreement with the data.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Amoros, G., Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo Gimenez, V., Costa, M. J., Escobar, C., et al. (2012). Measurement of the top quark pair production cross section in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV in dilepton final states with ATLAS. Phys. Lett. B, 707(5), 459–477.
Abstract: A measurement of the production cross section of top quark pairs (t (t) over bar) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is reported. Candidate events are selected in the dilepton topology with large missing transverse energy and at least two jets. Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35 pb(-1), a t (t) over bar production cross section sigma(t (t) over bar) = 177 +/- 20(stat.) +/- 14(syst.) +/- 7(lum.) pb is measured for an assumed top quark mass of m(t) = 172.5 GeV. A second measurement requiring at least one jet identified as coming from a b quark yields a comparable result, demonstrating that the dilepton final states are consistent with being accompanied by b-quark jets. These measurements are in good agreement with Standard Model predictions.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Amoros, G., Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo Gimenez, V., Costa, M. J., Ferrer, A., et al. (2012). Measurement of the top quark pair cross section with ATLAS in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV using final states with an electron or a muon and a hadronically decaying tau lepton. Phys. Lett. B, 717(1-3), 89–108.
Abstract: A measurement of the cross section of top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is reported. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 2.05 fb(-1). Events with an isolated electron or muon and a tau lePton decaying hadronically are used. In addition, a large missing transverse momentum and two or more energetic jets are required. At least one of the jets must be identified as originating from a b quark. The measured cross section, sigma(t (t) over bar) = 186 +/- 13 (stat.) +/- 20 (syst.) +/- 7 (lumi.) pb, is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo Gimenez, V., Costa, M. J., Fassi, F., Ferrer, A., et al. (2013). Measurement of angular correlations in Drell-Yan lepton pairs to probe Z/gamma* boson transverse momentum at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Phys. Lett. B, 720(1-3), 32–51.
Abstract: A measurement of angular correlations in Drell-Yan lepton pairs via the phi(eta)* observable is presented. This variable probes the same physics as the Z/gamma* boson transverse momentum with a better experimental resolution. The Z/gamma* -> e(+)e(-) and Z/gamma* -> mu(+)mu(-) decays produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of root s = 7 TeV are used. The data were collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb(-1). Normalised differential cross sections as a function of phi(eta)* are measured separately for electron and muon decay channels. These channels are then combined for improved accuracy. The cross section is also measured double differentially as a function of phi(eta)* for three independent bins of the Z boson rapidity. The results are compared to QCD calculations and to predictions from different Monte Carlo event generators. The data are reasonably well described, in all measured Z boson rapidity regions, by resummed QCD predictions combined with fixed-order perturbative QCD calculations or by some Monte Carlo event generators. The measurement precision is typically better by one order of magnitude than present theoretical uncertainties.
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Hellgren, M., Papoulias, D. K., & Suhonen, J. (2025). Inelastic neutrino-nucleus scattering off 203/205Tl in terms of the nuclear recoil energy using a hybrid nuclear model. Phys. Lett. B, 868, 139624–7pp.
Abstract: Nuclear structure calculations in the context of a novel hybrid nuclear model, combining the nuclear shell model and the microscopic quasiparticle-phonon model are presented. The predictivity of the hybrid model is tested by computing inelastic neutral-current neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections off the stable thallium isotopes. The cross sections are presented in terms of the incoming neutrino energy, taking also into account the effect of nuclear recoil energy. Also reported are the expected event rates assuming neutrinos emerging from pion-decay at rest and the diffuse supernova neutrino background. Regarding solar neutrino rates, new results are presented in the context of the hybrid model and compared with previously reported results based solely on nuclear shell model calculations, demonstrating the improved accuracy of the adopted hybrid model at higher neutrino energies.
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n_TOF Collaboration, Kappeler, F., Mengoni, A., Mosconi, M., Fujii, K., Heil, M., et al. (2011). Neutron Studies for Dating the Universe. J. Korean Phys. Soc., 59(2), 2094–2099.
Abstract: The neutron capture cross sections of (186)Os and (187)Os are of key importance for defining the 8-process abundance of (187)Os at the formation of the solar system. This quantity can be used to determine the radiogenic abundance component of (187)Os from the decay of (187)Re (t(1/2) = 41.2 Gyr) and to infer the time-duration of the nucleosynthesis in our galaxy (Re/Os cosmochronometer). The neutron capture cross sections of (186)Os, (187)Os, and (188)Os have been measured at the CERN nTOF facility from 1 eV to 1 MeV, covering the entire energy range of astrophysical interest. From these data Maxwellian averaged capture cross sections have been calculated with uncertainties between 3.3 and 4.7%. Additional information was obtained by measuring the inelastic scattering cross section of (187)Os at the Karlsruhe 3.7 MV Van de Graaff accelerator and by neutron resonance analyses of the nTOF capture data to establish a comprehensive experimental basis for the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. Consistent I-IF calculations for the capture and inelastic reaction channels were performed to determine the stellar enhancement factors, which are required to correct the Maxwellian averaged cross sections for the effect of thermally populated excited states. The consequences of this analysis for the s-process component of the (187)Os abundance and the related impact on the evaluation of the time-duration of Galactic nucleosynthesis via the Re/Os cosmo-chronometer are discussed.
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n_TOF Collaboration(Alcayne, V. et al), Babiano-Suarez, V., Caballero-Ontanaya, L., Domingo-Pardo, C., Ladarescu, I., & Tain, J. L. (2026). Measurement of the 244Cm neutron capture cross section at the n_TOF facility at CERN. Ann. Nucl. Energy, 227, 111977–14pp.
Abstract: Accurate neutron capture cross section data for minor actinides are essential for the safe and efficient management of high level radioactive waste produced during the operation of nuclear reactors. In particular, Cm-244, with a half-life of 18.11 years, dominates neutron emission in spent fuel and also contributes significantly to the decay heat and radiotoxicity. Furthermore, neutron capture on Cm-244 opens the pathway for the formation of heavier isotopes such as Bk, Cf, and other Cm isotopes. Sensitivity studies for present and future nuclear reactors have highlighted the need to reduce the uncertainties in the Cm-244 capture cross section. Experimental data on the capture cross section of this isotope are scarce due to the challenges associated with its measurements. Prior to the presented measurement and two recent measurements conducted at J-PARC, only one set of data for the Cm-244 capture cross section existed, obtained in 1969 during an underground nuclear explosion experiment. The capture cross section of Cm-244 has been measured at the nTOF facility at CERN with three different experimental setups: one at Experimental Area 1 (EAR1) using the Total Absorption Calorimeter and two measurements at Experimental Area 2 (EAR2) with C6D6 detectors, employing two different samples. The results from these three measurements were found to be compatible and then combined. In total, 17 resonances of Cm-244 were measured at nTOF below 300 eV. The radiative kernels obtained in this measurement are in good agreement with JENDL-4.0 for the majority of the resonances. Additionally, they are compatible with the recent JENDL-5 library below 50 eV, while at higher energies, the majority of radiative kernels from this evaluation based on the recent measurement by Kawase et al., are not compatible. Additionally, the Cm-244 samples also contained Pu-240. Resonances of this isotope were analyzed in the energy range between 20 and 180 eV, and the results were found to be consistent with previous measurements and evaluations, that enhances confidence in the Cm-244 results.
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n_TOF Collaboration(Cano-Ott, D. et al), Domingo-Pardo, C., & Tain, J. L. (2011). Neutron Capture Measuremetns on Minor Actinides at the n_TOF Facility at CERN: Past, Present and Future. J. Korean Phys. Soc., 59(2), 1809–1812.
Abstract: The successful development of advanced nuclear systems for sustainable energy production and nuclear waste management depends on high quality nuclear data libraries. Recent sensitivity studies and reports [1-3] have identified the need for substantially improving the accuracy of neutron cross-section data for minor actinides. The n_TOF collaboration has initiated an ambitious experimental program for the measurement of neutron capture cross sections of minor actinides. Two experimental setups have been constructed for this purpose: a Total Absorption Calorimeter (TAC) [4] for measuring neutron capture cross-sections of low-mass and/or radioactive samples and a set of two low neutron sensitivity C(6)D(6) detectors for the less radioactive materials.
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n_TOF Collaboration(Giubrone, G. et al), & Tain, J. L. (2011). The Role of Fe and Ni for S-process Nucleosynthesis and Innovative Nuclear Technologies. J. Korean Phys. Soc., 59(2), 2106–2109.
Abstract: The accurate measurement of neutron capture cross sections of all Fe and Ni isotopes is important for disentangling the contribution of the s-process and the r-process to the stellar nucleosynthesis of elements in the mass range 60 < A < 120. At the same time, Fe and Ni are important components of structural materials and improved neutron cross section data is relevant in the design of new nuclear systems. With the aim of obtaining improved capture data on all stable iron and nickel isotopes, a program of measurements has been launched at the CERN Neutron Time of Flight Facility n_TOF.
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