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Author  |
Caron, S.; Eckner, C.; Hendriks, L.; Johannesson, G.; Ruiz de Austri, R.; Zaharijas, G. |
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Title |
Mind the gap: the discrepancy between simulation and reality drives interpretations of the Galactic Center Excess |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. |
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Volume |
06 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
013 - 56pp |
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Keywords |
dark matter simulations; gamma ray experiments; Machine learning; millisecond pulsars |
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Abstract |
The Galactic Center Excess (GCE) in GeV gamma rays has been debated for over a decade, with the possibility that it might be due to dark matter annihilation or undetected point sources such as millisecond pulsars (MSPs). This study investigates how the gamma-ray emission model (-yEM) used in Galactic center analyses affects the interpretation of the GCE's nature. To address this issue, we construct an ultra-fast and powerful inference pipeline based on convolutional Deep Ensemble Networks. We explore the two main competing hypotheses for the GCE using a set of-yEMs with increasing parametric freedom. We calculate the fractional contribution (fsrc) of a dim population of MSPs to the total luminosity of the GCE and analyze its dependence on the complexity of the ryEM. For the simplest ryEM, we obtain fsrc = 0.10 f 0.07, while the most complex model yields fsrc = 0.79 f 0.24. In conclusion, we find that the statement about the nature of the GCE (dark matter or not) strongly depends on the assumed ryEM. The quoted results for fsrc do not account for the additional uncertainty arising from the fact that the observed gamma-ray sky is out-of-distribution concerning the investigated ryEM iterations. We quantify the reality gap between our ryEMs using deep-learning-based One-Class Deep Support Vector Data Description networks, revealing that all employed ryEMs have gaps to reality. Our study casts doubt on the validity of previous conclusions regarding the GCE and dark matter, and underscores the urgent need to account for the reality gap and consider previously overlooked “out of domain” uncertainties in future interpretations. |
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Address |
[Caron, Sascha; Hendriks, Luc] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Theoret High Energy Phys, Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands, Email: scaron@nikhef.nl; |
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IOP Publishing Ltd |
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English |
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ISSN |
1475-7516 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:001025516000009 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5576 |
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Author |
Johannesson, G.; Ruiz de Austri, R.; Vincent, A.C.; Moskalenko, I.V.; Orlando, E.; Porter, T.A.; Strong, A.W.; Trotta, R.; Feroz, F.; Graff, P.; Hobson, M.P. |
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Title |
Bayesian analysis of cosmic-ray propagation: evidence against homogeneous diffusion |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Astrophysical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astrophys. J. |
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Volume |
824 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
16 - 19pp |
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Keywords |
astroparticle physics; cosmic rays; diffusion; Galaxy: general; ISM: general; methods: statistical |
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Abstract |
We present the results of the most complete scan of the parameter space for cosmic ray (CR) injection and propagation. We perform a Bayesian search of the main GALPROP parameters, using the MultiNest nested sampling algorithm, augmented by the BAMBI neural network machine-learning package. This is the first study to separate out low-mass isotopes (p, (p) over bar and He) from the usual light elements (Be, B, C, N, and O). We find that the propagation parameters that best-fit p, (p) over bar, and He data are significantly different from those that fit light elements, including the B/C and Be-10/Be-9 secondary-to-primary ratios normally used to calibrate propagation parameters. This suggests that each set of species is probing a very different interstellar medium, and that the standard approach of calibrating propagation parameters using B/C can lead to incorrect results. We present posterior distributions and best-fit parameters for propagation of both sets of nuclei, as well as for the injection abundances of elements from H to Si. The input GALDEF files with these new parameters will be included in an upcoming public GALPROP update. |
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Address |
[Johannesson, G.] Univ Iceland, Inst Sci, Dunhaga 3, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland |
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Publisher |
Iop Publishing Ltd |
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English |
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0004-637x |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:000377937300016 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
2727 |
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Author |
Panes, B.; Eckner, C.; Hendriks, L.; Caron, S.; Dijkstra, K.; Johannesson, G.; Ruiz de Austri, R.; Zaharijas, G. |
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Title |
Identification of point sources in gamma rays using U-shaped convolutional neural networks and a data challenge |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Astronomy & Astrophysics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astron. Astrophys. |
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Volume |
656 |
Issue |
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Pages |
A62 - 18pp |
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Keywords |
catalogs; gamma rays: general; astroparticle physics; methods: numerical; methods: data analysis; techniques: image processing |
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Abstract |
Context. At GeV energies, the sky is dominated by the interstellar emission from the Galaxy. With limited statistics and spatial resolution, accurately separating point sources is therefore challenging. Aims. Here we present the first application of deep learning based algorithms to automatically detect and classify point sources from gamma-ray data. For concreteness we refer to this approach as AutoSourceID. Methods. To detect point sources, we utilized U-shaped convolutional networks for image segmentation and k-means for source clustering and localization. We also explored the Centroid-Net algorithm, which is designed to find and count objects. Using two algorithms allows for a cross check of the results, while a combination of their results can be used to improve performance. The training data are based on 9.5 years of exposure from The Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) and we used source properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and pulsars (PSRs) from the fourth Fermi-LAT source catalog in addition to several models of background interstellar emission. The results of the localization algorithm are fed into a classification neural network that is trained to separate the three general source classes (AGNs, PSRs, and FAKE sources). Results. We compared our localization algorithms qualitatively with traditional methods and find them to have similar detection thresholds. We also demonstrate the robustness of our source localization algorithms to modifications in the interstellar emission models, which presents a clear advantage over traditional methods. The classification network is able to discriminate between the three classes with typical accuracy of similar to 70%, as long as balanced data sets are used in classification training. We published online our training data sets and analysis scripts and invite the community to join the data challenge aimed to improve the localization and classification of gamma-ray point sources. |
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Address |
[Panes, Boris] Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Ave Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Macul, Region Metropol, Chile, Email: bapanes@gmail.com |
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Publisher |
Edp Sciences S A |
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English |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0004-6361 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:000725877600001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5053 |
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Author |
Stoppa, F.; Vreeswijk, P.; Bloemen, S.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Caron, S.; Johannesson, G.; Ruiz de Austri, R.; van den Oetelaar, C.; Zaharijas, G.; Groot, P.J.; Cator, E.; Nelemans, G. |
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Title |
AutoSourceID-Light Fast optical source localization via U-Net and Laplacian of Gaussian |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Astronomy & Astrophysics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astron. Astrophys. |
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Volume |
662 |
Issue |
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Pages |
A109 - 8pp |
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Keywords |
astronomical databases; miscellaneous; methods; data analysis; stars; imaging; techniques; image processing |
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Abstract |
Aims. With the ever-increasing survey speed of optical wide-field telescopes and the importance of discovering transients when they are still young, rapid and reliable source localization is paramount. We present AutoSourceID-Light (ASID-L), an innovative framework that uses computer vision techniques that can naturally deal with large amounts of data and rapidly localize sources in optical images. Methods. We show that the ASID-L algorithm based on U-shaped networks and enhanced with a Laplacian of Gaussian filter provides outstanding performance in the localization of sources. A U-Net network discerns the sources in the images from many different artifacts and passes the result to a Laplacian of Gaussian filter that then estimates the exact location. Results. Using ASID-L on the optical images of the MeerLICHT telescope demonstrates the great speed and localization power of the method. We compare the results with SExtractor and show that our method outperforms this more widely used method. ASID-L rapidly detects more sources not only in low- and mid-density fields, but particularly in areas with more than 150 sources per square arcminute. The training set and code used in this paper are publicly available. |
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Address |
[Stoppa, F.; Vreeswijk, P.; Bloemen, S.; Groot, P. J.; Nelemans, G.] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Dept Astrophys, IMAPP, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands, Email: f.stoppa@astro.ru.nl |
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Corporate Author |
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Publisher |
Edp Sciences S A |
Place of Publication |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0004-6361 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:000818665600009 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5291 |
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Author |
Trotta, R.; Johannesson, G.; Moskalenko, I.V.; Porter, T.A.; Ruiz de Austri, R.; Strong, A.W. |
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Title |
Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Propagation Models from a Global Bayesian Analysis |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Astrophysical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Astrophys. J. |
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Volume |
729 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
106 - 16pp |
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Keywords |
astroparticle physics; cosmic rays; diffusion; Galaxy: general; ISM: general; methods: statistical |
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Abstract |
Research in many areas of modern physics such as, e. g., indirect searches for dark matter and particle acceleration in supernova remnant shocks rely heavily on studies of cosmic rays (CRs) and associated diffuse emissions (radio, microwave, X-rays, gamma-rays). While very detailed numerical models of CR propagation exist, a quantitative statistical analysis of such models has been so far hampered by the large computational effort that those models require. Although statistical analyses have been carried out before using semi-analytical models (where the computation is much faster), the evaluation of the results obtained from such models is difficult, as they necessarily suffer from many simplifying assumptions. The main objective of this paper is to present a working method for a full Bayesian parameter estimation for a numerical CR propagation model. For this study, we use the GALPROP code, the most advanced of its kind, which uses astrophysical information, and nuclear and particle data as inputs to self-consistently predict CRs, gamma-rays, synchrotron, and other observables. We demonstrate that a full Bayesian analysis is possible using nested sampling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods (implemented in the SuperBayeS code) despite the heavy computational demands of a numerical propagation code. The best-fit values of parameters found in this analysis are in agreement with previous, significantly simpler, studies also based on GALPROP. |
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Address |
[Trotta, R.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Astrophys Grp, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2AZ, England |
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Corporate Author |
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Thesis |
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Publisher |
Iop Publishing Ltd |
Place of Publication |
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Language |
English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0004-637x |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
ISI:000288608700029 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
541 |
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