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Author |
Real, D.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Diaz, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Calvo, D. |
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Title |
The Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory Laser Beacon: Design and Qualification |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Applied Sciences-Basel |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Sci.-Basel |
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Volume  |
13 |
Issue |
17 |
Pages |
9935 - 16pp |
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Keywords |
neutrino telescope; time calibration; laser beacon |
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Abstract |
This paper encapsulates details of the NEMO laser beacon's design, offering a profound contribution to the field of the time calibration of underwater neutrino telescopes. The mechanical design of the laser beacon, which operates at a depth of 3500 m, is presented, together with the design of the antibiofouling system employed to endure the operational pressure and optimize the operational range, enhancing its functionality and enabling time calibration among multiple towers. A noteworthy innovation central to this development lies in the battery system. This configuration enhances the device's portability, a crucial aspect in underwater operations. The comprehensive design of the laser beacon, encompassing the container housing, the requisite battery system for operation, electronics, and an effective antibiofouling system, is described in this paper. Additionally, this paper presents the findings of the laser beacon's qualification process. |
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Address |
[Real, Diego; Losa, Agustin Sanchez; Greus, Francisco Salesa; Calvo, David] CSIC Univ Valencia, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Paterna 46980, Spain, Email: real@ific.uv.es; |
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Mdpi |
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WOS:001063704500001 |
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no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5668 |
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Author |
Real, D.; Calvo, D.; Zornoza, J.D.; Manzaneda, M. |
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Title |
White Rabbit Expansion Board: Design, Architecture, and Signal Integrity Simulations |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Electronics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Electronics |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
16 |
Pages |
3394 - 16pp |
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Keywords |
subnanosecond synchronization; White Rabbit; IEEE Std 1588-2019; virtual prototyping |
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Abstract |
The White Rabbit protocol allows synchronization and communication via an optical link in an integrated, modular, and scalable manner. It provides a solution to those applications that have very demanding requirements in terms of synchronization. Field-programmable gate arrays are used to implement the protocol; additionally, special hardware is needed to provide the necessary clock signals used by the dual-mixer time difference for precise phase measurement. In the present work, an expansion board that allows for White Rabbit functionality is presented. The expansion board contains the oscillators required by the White Rabbit protocol, one running at 125 MHz and another at 124.922 MHZ. The architecture of this board includes two oscillator systems for tests and comparison. One is based on VCOs and another on crystal oscillators running at the desired frequencies. In addition, it incorporates a temperature sensor, from where the medium access control address is extracted, an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, a pulse-per-second output, and a USB UART to access the White Rabbit IP core at the field-programmable gate array. Finally, to ensure the quality of the layout design and guarantee the level of synchronization desired, the results of the power and signal integrity simulations are also presented. |
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Address |
[Real, Diego; Calvo, David; de Dios Zornoza, Juan; Manzaneda, Mario] Univ Valencia, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, CSIC, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Paterna 46980, Spain, Email: real@ific.uv.es; |
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Mdpi |
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WOS:001056236300001 |
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no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5628 |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Adrian-Martinez, S. et al); Barrios-Marti, J.; Calvo, D.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Lotze, M.; Olcina, I.; Real, D.; Sanchez Garcia, A.; Tönnis, C.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
A method to stabilise the performance of negatively fed KM3NeT photomultipliers |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2016 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
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Pages |
P12014 - 12pp |
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Keywords |
Instrument optimisation; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (gas) (gas-photocathodes, solid-photocathodes) |
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Abstract |
The KM3NeT research infrastructure, currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, will host neutrino telescopes for the identification of neutrino sources in the Universe and for studies of the neutrino mass hierarchy. These telescopes will house hundreds of thousands of photomultiplier tubes that will have to be operated in a stable and reliable fashion. In this context, the stability of the dark counts has been investigated for photomultiplier tubes with negative high voltage on the photocathode and held in insulating support structures made of 3D printed nylon material. Small gaps between the rigid support structure and the photomultiplier tubes in the presence of electric fields can lead to discharges that produce dark count rates that are highly variable. A solution was found by applying the same insulating varnish as used for the high voltage bases directly to the outside of the photomultiplier tubes. This transparent conformal coating provides a convenient and inexpensive method of insulation. |
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Address |
[Albert, A.; Belias, A.; Biagioni, A.; Capone, A.; Coleiro, A.; Cosquer, A.; Creusot, A.; D'Amico, A.; D'Onofrio, A.; Enzenhofer, A.; Grmek, A.; Heijboer, A.; Kappes, A.; Kouchner, A.; Leisos, A.; Miraglia, A.] Accademia Navale Livorno, I-57100 Livorno, Italy, Email: spokesperson@km3net.de |
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Iop Publishing Ltd |
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English |
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ISSN |
1748-0221 |
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Notes |
WOS:000395732500014 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
3041 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Sensitivity to light sterile neutrino mixing parameters with KM3NeT/ORCA |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of High Energy Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. High Energy Phys. |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
180 - 26pp |
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Keywords |
Neutrino Detectors and Telescopes (experiments); Oscillation |
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Abstract |
KM3NeT/ORCA is a next-generation neutrino telescope optimised for atmospheric neutrino oscillations studies. In this paper, the sensitivity of ORCA to the presence of a light sterile neutrino in a 3+1 model is presented. After three years of data taking, ORCA will be able to probe the active-sterile mixing angles theta(14), theta(24), theta(34) and the effective angle theta(mu e), over a broad range of mass squared difference Delta m(41)(2) similar to [10(-5), 10] eV(2), allowing to test the eV-mass sterile neutrino hypothesis as the origin of short baseline anomalies, as well as probing the hypothesis of a very light sterile neutrino, not yet constrained by cosmology. ORCA will be able to explore a relevant fraction of the parameter space not yet reached by present measurements. |
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Address |
[Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: jcoelho@apc.in2p3.fr; |
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Springer |
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English |
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1029-8479 |
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Notes |
WOS:000710339200001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5010 |
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Author |
Real, D.; Calvo, D. |
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Title |
Silicon Photomultipliers for Neutrino Telescopes |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Universe |
Abbreviated Journal |
Universe |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
326 - 14pp |
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Keywords |
silicon photomultipliers; neutrino telescopes; time to digital converters; electronics acquisition |
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Abstract |
Neutrino astronomy has opened a new window to the extreme Universe, entering into a fruitful era built upon the success of neutrino telescopes, which have already given a new step forward in this novel and growing field by the first observation of steady point-like sources already achieved by IceCube. Neutrino telescopes equipped with Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs) will significantly increase in number, because of their excellent time resolution and the angular resolution, and will be in better condition to detect more steady sources as well as the unexpected. The use of SiPMs represents a challenge to the acquisition electronics because of the fast signals as well as the high levels of dark noise produced by SiPMs. The acquisition electronics need to include a noise rejection scheme by implementing a coincidence filter between channels. This work discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using SiPMs for the next generation of neutrino telescopes, focusing on the possible developments that could help for their adoption in the near future. |
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Address |
[Real, Diego; Calvo, David] Univ Valencia, Inst Fis Corpuscular, CSIC, IFIC, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Valencia 46980, Spain, Email: real@ific.uv.es |
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Mdpi |
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English |
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Notes |
WOS:001038900800001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5593 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Adrian-Martinez, S. et al); Aguilar, J.A.; Bigongiari, C.; Calvo Diaz-Aldagalan, D.; Emanuele, U.; Gomez-Gonzalez, J.P.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Mangano, S.; Real, D.; Salesa, F.; Toscano, S.; Urbano, F.; Yepes, H.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Expansion cone for the 3-inch PMTs of the KM3NeT optical modules |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
T03006 - 20pp |
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Keywords |
Optical detector readout concepts; Instrument optimisation; Cherenkov detectors; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics |
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Abstract |
Detection of high-energy neutrinos from distant astrophysical sources will open a new window on the Universe. The detection principle exploits the measurement of Cherenkov light emitted by charged particles resulting from neutrino interactions in the matter containing the telescope. A novel multi-PMT digital optical module (DOM) was developed to contain 31 3-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). In order to maximize the detector sensitivity, each PMT will be surrounded by an expansion cone which collects photons that would otherwise miss the photocathode. Results for various angles of incidence with respect to the PMT surface indicate an increase in collection efficiency by 30% on average for angles up to 45 degrees with respect to the perpendicular. Ray-tracing calculations could reproduce the measurements, allowing to estimate an increase in the overall photocathode sensitivity, integrated over all angles of incidence, by 27% (for a single PMT). Prototype DOMs, being built by the KM3NeT consortium, will be equipped with these expansion cones. |
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Address |
Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, Email: o.kavatsyuk@rug.nl |
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Publisher |
Iop Publishing Ltd |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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ISSN |
1748-0221 |
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Notes |
WOS:000316990700051 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
1391 |
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Author |
Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Ardid, M.; Bou Cabo, M.; Calvo, D.; Diaz, A.F.; Gozzini, S.R.; Martinez-Mora, J.A.; Navas, S.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Science with Neutrino Telescopes in Spain |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Universe |
Abbreviated Journal |
Universe |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
89 - 25pp |
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Keywords |
neutrino; neutrino telescopes; neutrino astrophysics; neutrino properties; sea science |
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Abstract |
The primary scientific goal of neutrino telescopes is the detection and study of cosmic neutrino signals. However, the range of physics topics that these instruments can tackle is exceedingly wide and diverse. Neutrinos coming from outside the Earth, in association with other messengers, can contribute to clarify the question of the mechanisms that power the astrophysical accelerators which are known to exist from the observation of high-energy cosmic and gamma rays. Cosmic neutrinos can also be used to bring relevant information about the nature of dark matter, to study the intrinsic properties of neutrinos and to look for physics beyond the Standard Model. Likewise, atmospheric neutrinos can be used to study an ample variety of particle physics issues, such as neutrino oscillation phenomena, the determination of the neutrino mass ordering, non-standard neutrino interactions, neutrino decays and a diversity of other physics topics. In this article, we review a selected number of these topics, chosen on the basis of their scientific relevance and the involvement in their study of the Spanish physics community working in the KM3NeT and ANTARES neutrino telescopes. |
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Address |
[Hernandez-Rey, Juan Jose; Calvo, David; Gozzini, Sara Rebecca; Real, Diego; Greus, Francisco Salesa; Losa, Agustin Sanchez; Zornoza, Juan de Dios; Zuniga, Juan] Univ Valencia, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, C Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, Paterna 46980, Spain, Email: juan.j.hernandez@ific.uv.es; |
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Mdpi |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Notes |
WOS:000762321400001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5145 |
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Author |
ANTARES Collaboration (Albert, A. et al); Alves, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Gozzini, R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Lazo, A.; Manczak, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Saina, A.; Sanchez-Losa, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Review of the online analyses of multi-messenger alerts and electromagnetic transient events with the ANTARES neutrino telescope |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. |
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Volume |
08 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
072 - 23pp |
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Keywords |
neutrino astronomy; neutrino detectors |
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Abstract |
By constantly monitoring a very large portion of the sky, neutrino telescopes are well-designed to detect neutrinos emitted by transient astrophysical events. Real-time searches with the ANTARES telescope have been performed to look for neutrino candidates coincident with gamma-ray bursts detected by the Swift and Fermi satellites, high-energy neutrino events registered by IceCube, transient events from blazars monitored by HAWC, photon-neutrino coincidences by AMON notices and gravitational wave candidates observed by LIGO/Virgo. By requiring temporal coincidence, this approach increases the sensitivity and the significance of a potential discovery. This paper summarises the results of the followup performed of the ANTARES telescope between January 2014 and February 2022, which corresponds to the end of the data-taking period. |
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Address |
[Albert, A.; Drouhin, D.; Pradier, T.] Univ Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Email: dornic@cppm.in2p3.fr |
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Publisher |
IOP Publishing Ltd |
Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1475-7516 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:001068854500001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5703 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
ANTARES Collaboration (Adrian-Martinez, S. et al); Aguilar, J.A.; Bigongiari, C.; Dornic, D.; Emanuele, U.; Gomez-Gonzalez, J.P.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Mangano, S.; Real, D.; Ruiz-Rivas, J.; Salesa, F.; Sanchez-Losa, A.; Toscano, S.; Yepes, H.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
The positioning system of the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
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Pages |
T08002 - 20pp |
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Keywords |
Timing detectors; Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc); Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams); Detector control systems (detector and experiment monitoring and slow-control systems, architecture, hardware, algorithms, databases) |
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Abstract |
The ANTARES neutrino telescope, located 40km off the coast of Toulon in the Mediterranean Sea at a mooring depth of about 2475m, consists of twelve detection lines equipped typically with 25 storeys. Every storey carries three optical modules that detect Cherenkov light induced by charged secondary particles (typically muons) coming from neutrino interactions. As these lines are flexible structures fixed to the sea bed and held taut by a buoy, sea currents cause the lines to move and the storeys to rotate. The knowledge of the position of the optical modules with a precision better than 10cm is essential for a good reconstruction of particle tracks. In this paper the ANTARES positioning system is described. It consists of an acoustic positioning system, for distance triangulation, and a compass-tiltmeter system, for the measurement of the orientation and inclination of the storeys. Necessary corrections are discussed and the results of the detector alignment procedure are described. |
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Address |
[Anton, G.; Eberl, T.; Enzenhoefer, A.; Folger, F.; Fritsch, U.; Graf, K.; Herold, B.; Hoessl, J.; Kalekin, O.; Kappes, A.; Katz, U.; Kopper, C.; Lahmann, R.; Meli, A.; Motz, H.; Neff, M.; Richardt, C.; Richter, R.; Roensch, K.; Schoeck, F.; Seitz, T.; Shanidze, R.; Spies, A.; Wagner, S.] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, Email: juergen.hoessl@physik.uni-erlangen.de |
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Publisher |
Iop Publishing Ltd |
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English |
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ISSN |
1748-0221 |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:000308869800043 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
1176 |
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| Permanent link to this record |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Corredoira, I; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Muñoz Perez, D.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Architecture and performance of the KM3NeT front-end firmware |
Type |
Journal Article |
| |
Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments and Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. |
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Volume |
7 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
016001 - 24pp |
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Keywords |
neutrino telescope; acquisition firmware; time to digital converters; KM3NeT |
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Abstract |
The KM3NeT infrastructure consists of two deep-sea neutrino telescopes being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes will detect extraterrestrial and atmospheric neutrinos by means of the incident photons induced by the passage of relativistic charged particles through the seawater as a consequence of a neutrino interaction. The telescopes are configured in a three-dimensional grid of digital optical modules, each hosting 31 photomultipliers. The photomultiplier signals produced by the incident Cherenkov photons are converted into digital information consisting of the integrated pulse duration and the time at which it surpasses a chosen threshold. The digitization is done by means of time to digital converters (TDCs) embedded in the field programmable gate array of the central logic board. Subsequently, a state machine formats the acquired data for its transmission to shore. We present the architecture and performance of the front-end firmware consisting of the TDCs and the state machine. |
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Address |
[Aiello, Sebastiano; Leonora, Emanuele; Longhitano, Fabio; Randazzo, Nunzio] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Catania, Italy, Email: dacaldia@ific.uv.es; |
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Spie-Soc Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers |
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Language |
English |
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ISSN |
2329-4124 |
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Notes |
WOS:000636679100031 |
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no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4784 |
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