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Cervello, A., Carrio, F., Garcia, R., Martos, J., Soret, J., Torres, J., et al. (2022). The TileCal PreProcessor interface with the ATLAS global data acquisition system at the HL-LHC. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1043, 167492–2pp.
Abstract: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has envisaged a series of upgrades towards a High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) delivering five times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity. It will take place throughout 2026-2028, corresponding to the Long Shutdown 3. During this upgrade, the ATLAS Tile Hadronic Calorimeter (TileCal) will replace completely on-and off-detector electronics adopting a new read-out architecture. Signals captured from TileCal are digitized by the on-detector electronics and transmitted to the TileCal PreProcessor (TilePPr) located off-detector, which provides the interface with the ATLAS trigger and data acquisition systems.TilePPr receives, process and transmits the data from the on-detector system and transmits it to the Front -End Link eXchange (FELIX) system. FELIX is the ATLAS common hardware in all the subdetectors designed to act as a data router, receiving and forwarding data to the SoftWare Read-Out Driver (SWROD) computers. FELIX also distributes the Timing, Trigger and Control (TTC) signals to the TilePPr to be propagated to the on-detector electronics. The SWROD is an ATLAS common software solution to perform detector specific data processing, including configuration, calibration, control and monitoring of the partitionIn this contribution we will introduce the new read-out elements for TileCal at the HL-LHC, the intercon-nection between the off-detector electronics and the FELIX system, the configuration and implementation for the test beam campaigns, as well as future developments of the preprocessing and monitoring status of the calorimeter modules through the SWROD infrastructure.
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Real, D., & Calvo, D. (2022). Production requirements and functional tests of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module Power Board. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1042, 167426–3pp.
Abstract: The KM3NeT research facility is being built in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of matrices of optical detectors, the so-called Digital Optical Module. Each of this elementary detector holds a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers, which detect the Cherenkov light generated by secondary particles produced in neutrino interactions. It includes also the acquisition electronics and the power board which supplies both, the acquisition electronics and the photomultipliers. The production of electronics boards needs to have a high quality and reliability level as it is going to be deployed for more than ten years without any maintenance possible. This work presents the requirements and the qualification tests being implemented in order to increase the reliability of the Power Board of the acquisition electronics of KM3NeT during the mass production. At the moment, more than one thousand board have been produced. Results on the production of the boards, including the production yield is presented. From the already produced boards, more than 350 have been already deployed and are operative in the detectors.
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KM3NeT Collaboration(Aiello, S. et al), Alves Garre, S., Calvo, D., Carretero, V., Colomer, M., Gozzini, S. R., et al. (2022). Nanobeacon: A time calibration device for the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1040, 167132–13pp.
Abstract: The KM3NeT Collaboration is currently constructing a multi-site high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea consisting of matrices of pressure-resistant glass spheres, each holding a set of 31 small-area photomultipliers. The main goals of the telescope are the observation of neutrino sources in the Universe and the measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters with atmospheric neutrinos. A relative time synchronisation between photomultipliers of the nanosecond order needed to guarantee the required angular resolution of the detector. Due to the large detector volumes to be instrumented by KM3NeT, a cost reduction of the different systems is a priority. To this end, the inexpensive Nanobeacon has been designed and developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to be used for detector time-calibration studies. At present, more than 600 & nbsp;Nanobeacons have been already produced. The characterisation of the optical pulse and the wavelength emission profile of the devices is critical for the time calibration. The optical pulse rise time has been quantified as less than 3 ns, while the Full Width Half Maximum is less than 6 ns. The wavelength drift, due to a variation of the supply voltage, has also been qualified as lower than 10 nm for the full range of the Nanobeacon. In this paper, more details about the main features of the Nanobeacon design, production and operation, together with the main properties of the light pulse generated are described.
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Liptak, Z. et al, & Marinas, C. (2022). Measurements of beam backgrounds in SuperKEKB Phase 2. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1040, 167168–19pp.
Abstract: The high design luminosity of the SuperKEKB electron–positron collider will result in challenging levels of beam-induced backgrounds in the interaction region. Understanding and mitigating these backgrounds is critical to the success of the Belle II experiment. We report on the first background measurements performed after roll-in of the Belle II detector, a period known as SuperKEKB Phase 2, utilizing both the BEAST II system of dedicated background detectors and the Belle II detector itself. We also report on first revisions to the background simulation made in response to our findings. Backgrounds measured include contributions from synchrotron radiation, beam-gas, Touschek, and injection backgrounds. At the end of Phase 2, single-beam backgrounds originating from the 4 GeV positron Low Energy Ring (LER) agree reasonably well with simulation, while backgrounds from the 7 GeV electron High Energy Ring (HER) are approximately one order of magnitude higher than simulation. We extrapolate these backgrounds forward and conclude it is safe to install the Belle II vertex detector.
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HAWC Collaboration(Alfaro, R. et al), & Salesa Greus, F. (2022). Gamma/hadron separation with the HAWC observatory. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 1039, 166984–13pp.
Abstract: The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) gamma-ray observatory observes atmospheric showers produced by incident gamma rays and cosmic rays with energy from 300 GeV to more than 100 TeV. A crucial phase in analyzing gamma-ray sources using ground-based gamma-ray detectors like HAWC is to identify the showers produced by gamma rays or hadrons. The HAWC observatory records roughly 25,000 events per second, with hadrons representing the vast majority (> 99.9%) of these events. The standard gamma/hadron separation technique in HAWC uses a simple rectangular cut involving only two parameters. This work describes the implementation of more sophisticated gamma/hadron separation techniques, via machine learning methods (boosted decision trees and neural networks), and summarizes the resulting improvements in gamma/hadron separation obtained in HAWC.
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