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Author Real, D.; Calvo, D.; Zornoza, J.D.; Manzaneda, M. doi  openurl
  Title (down) White Rabbit Expansion Board: Design, Architecture, and Signal Integrity Simulations Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Electronics Abbreviated Journal Electronics  
  Volume 12 Issue 16 Pages 3394 - 16pp  
  Keywords subnanosecond synchronization; White Rabbit; IEEE Std 1588-2019; virtual prototyping  
  Abstract The White Rabbit protocol allows synchronization and communication via an optical link in an integrated, modular, and scalable manner. It provides a solution to those applications that have very demanding requirements in terms of synchronization. Field-programmable gate arrays are used to implement the protocol; additionally, special hardware is needed to provide the necessary clock signals used by the dual-mixer time difference for precise phase measurement. In the present work, an expansion board that allows for White Rabbit functionality is presented. The expansion board contains the oscillators required by the White Rabbit protocol, one running at 125 MHz and another at 124.922 MHZ. The architecture of this board includes two oscillator systems for tests and comparison. One is based on VCOs and another on crystal oscillators running at the desired frequencies. In addition, it incorporates a temperature sensor, from where the medium access control address is extracted, an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, a pulse-per-second output, and a USB UART to access the White Rabbit IP core at the field-programmable gate array. Finally, to ensure the quality of the layout design and guarantee the level of synchronization desired, the results of the power and signal integrity simulations are also presented.  
  Address [Real, Diego; Calvo, David; de Dios Zornoza, Juan; Manzaneda, Mario] Univ Valencia, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, CSIC, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Paterna 46980, Spain, Email: real@ific.uv.es;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Mdpi Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:001056236300001 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration no  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 5628  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author KM3NeT Collaboration (Adrian-Martinez, S. et al); Barrios-Marti, J.; Calvo Diaz-Aldagalan, D.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Real, D.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) The prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT detector Type Journal Article
  Year 2016 Publication European Physical Journal C Abbreviated Journal Eur. Phys. J. C  
  Volume 76 Issue 2 Pages 54 - 12pp  
  Keywords  
  Abstract A prototype detection unit of the KM3NeT deep-sea neutrino telescope has been installed at 3500m depth 80 km offshore the Italian coast. KM3NeT in its final configuration will contain several hundreds of detection units. Each detection unit is a mechanical structure anchored to the sea floor, held vertical by a submerged buoy and supporting optical modules for the detection of Cherenkov light emitted by charged secondary particles emerging from neutrino interactions. This prototype string implements three optical modules with 31 photomultiplier tubes each. These optical modules were developed by the KM3NeT Collaboration to enhance the detection capability of neutrino interactions. The prototype detection unit was operated since its deployment in May 2014 until its decommissioning in July 2015. Reconstruction of the particle trajectories from the data requires a nanosecond accuracy in the time calibration. A procedure for relative time calibration of the photomultiplier tubes contained in each optical module is described. This procedure is based on the measured coincidences produced in the sea by the K background light and can easily be expanded to a detector with several thousands of optical modules. The time offsets between the different optical modules are obtained using LED nanobeacons mounted inside them. A set of data corresponding to 600 h of livetime was analysed. The results show good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of the expected optical background and the signal from atmospheric muons. An almost background-free sample of muons was selected by filtering the time correlated signals on all the three optical modules. The zenith angle of the selected muons was reconstructed with a precision of about 3 degrees.  
  Address [Adrian-Martinez, S.; Ardid, M.; Llorens Alvarez, C. D.; Martinez-Mora, J. A.; Saldana, M.] Univ Politecn Valencia, Inst Invest Gest Integrada Zonas Costeras, Gandia, Spain, Email: creusot@apc.in2p3.fr;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1434-6044 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000369007300001 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 2540  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author ANTARES Collaboration (Adrian-Martinez, S. et al); Aguilar, J.A.; Bigongiari, C.; Dornic, D.; Emanuele, U.; Gomez-Gonzalez, J.P.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Mangano, S.; Real, D.; Ruiz-Rivas, J.; Salesa, F.; Sanchez-Losa, A.; Toscano, S.; Yepes, H.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) The positioning system of the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope Type Journal Article
  Year 2012 Publication Journal of Instrumentation Abbreviated Journal J. Instrum.  
  Volume 7 Issue Pages T08002 - 20pp  
  Keywords Timing detectors; Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc); Detector alignment and calibration methods (lasers, sources, particle-beams); Detector control systems (detector and experiment monitoring and slow-control systems, architecture, hardware, algorithms, databases)  
  Abstract The ANTARES neutrino telescope, located 40km off the coast of Toulon in the Mediterranean Sea at a mooring depth of about 2475m, consists of twelve detection lines equipped typically with 25 storeys. Every storey carries three optical modules that detect Cherenkov light induced by charged secondary particles (typically muons) coming from neutrino interactions. As these lines are flexible structures fixed to the sea bed and held taut by a buoy, sea currents cause the lines to move and the storeys to rotate. The knowledge of the position of the optical modules with a precision better than 10cm is essential for a good reconstruction of particle tracks. In this paper the ANTARES positioning system is described. It consists of an acoustic positioning system, for distance triangulation, and a compass-tiltmeter system, for the measurement of the orientation and inclination of the storeys. Necessary corrections are discussed and the results of the detector alignment procedure are described.  
  Address [Anton, G.; Eberl, T.; Enzenhoefer, A.; Folger, F.; Fritsch, U.; Graf, K.; Herold, B.; Hoessl, J.; Kalekin, O.; Kappes, A.; Katz, U.; Kopper, C.; Lahmann, R.; Meli, A.; Motz, H.; Neff, M.; Richardt, C.; Richter, R.; Roensch, K.; Schoeck, F.; Seitz, T.; Shanidze, R.; Spies, A.; Wagner, S.] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Erlangen Ctr Astroparticle Phys, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany, Email: juergen.hoessl@physik.uni-erlangen.de  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Iop Publishing Ltd Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1748-0221 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000308869800043 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 1176  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Real, D.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Diaz, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Calvo, D. doi  openurl
  Title (down) The Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory Laser Beacon: Design and Qualification Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Applied Sciences-Basel Abbreviated Journal Appl. Sci.-Basel  
  Volume 13 Issue 17 Pages 9935 - 16pp  
  Keywords neutrino telescope; time calibration; laser beacon  
  Abstract This paper encapsulates details of the NEMO laser beacon's design, offering a profound contribution to the field of the time calibration of underwater neutrino telescopes. The mechanical design of the laser beacon, which operates at a depth of 3500 m, is presented, together with the design of the antibiofouling system employed to endure the operational pressure and optimize the operational range, enhancing its functionality and enabling time calibration among multiple towers. A noteworthy innovation central to this development lies in the battery system. This configuration enhances the device's portability, a crucial aspect in underwater operations. The comprehensive design of the laser beacon, encompassing the container housing, the requisite battery system for operation, electronics, and an effective antibiofouling system, is described in this paper. Additionally, this paper presents the findings of the laser beacon's qualification process.  
  Address [Real, Diego; Losa, Agustin Sanchez; Greus, Francisco Salesa; Calvo, David] CSIC Univ Valencia, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Paterna 46980, Spain, Email: real@ific.uv.es;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Mdpi Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:001063704500001 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration no  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 5668  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) The KM3NeT potential for the next core-collapse supernova observation with neutrinos Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication European Physical Journal C Abbreviated Journal Eur. Phys. J. C  
  Volume 81 Issue 5 Pages 445 - 19pp  
  Keywords  
  Abstract The KM3NeT research infrastructure is under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of two water Cherenkov neutrino detectors, ARCA and ORCA, aimed at neutrino astrophysics and oscillation research, respectively. Instrumenting a large volume of sea water with similar to 6200 optical modules comprising a total of similar to 200,000 photomultiplier tubes, KM3NeT will achieve sensitivity to similar to 10 MeV neutrinos from Galactic and near-Galactic core-collapse supernovae through the observation of coincident hits in photomultipliers above the background. In this paper, the sensitivity of KM3NeT to a supernova explosion is estimated from detailed analyses of background data from the first KM3NeT detection units and simulations of the neutrino signal. The KM3NeT observational horizon (for a 5 sigma discovery) covers essentially the Milky-Way and for the most optimistic model, extends to the Small Magellanic Cloud (similar to 60 kpc). Detailed studies of the time profile of the neutrino signal allow assessment of the KM3NeT capability to determine the arrival time of the neutrino burst with a few milliseconds precision for sources up to 5-8 kpc away, and detecting the peculiar signature of the standing accretion shock instability if the core-collapse supernova explosion happens closer than 3-5 kpc, depending on the progenitor mass. KM3NeT's capability to measure the neutrino flux spectral parameters is also presented.  
  Address [Aiello, S.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] INFN, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: mcolomer@apc.in2p3.fr;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1434-6044 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000671013200002 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 4894  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Garcia Soto, A.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Lazo, A.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) The KM3NeT multi-PMT optical module Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Journal of Instrumentation Abbreviated Journal J. Instrum.  
  Volume 17 Issue 7 Pages P07038 - 28pp  
  Keywords Cherenkov detectors; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors  
  Abstract The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is a sensory device also comprising calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. It is capped with a breakout-box with electronics for connection to an electro-optical cable for power and long-distance communication to the onshore control station. The design of the module was qualified for the first time in the deep sea in 2013. Since then, the technology has been further improved to meet requirements of scalability, cost-effectiveness and high reliability. The module features a sub-nanosecond timing accuracy and a dynamic range allowing the measurement of a single photon up to a cascade of thousands of photons, suited for the measurement of the Cherenkov radiation induced in water by secondary particles from interactions of neutrinos with energies in the range of GeV to PeV. A distributed production model has been implemented for the delivery of more than 6000 modules in the coming few years with an average production rate of more than 100 modules per month. In this paper a review is presented of the design of the multi-PMT KM3NeT optical module with a proven effective background suppression and signal recognition and sensitivity to the incoming direction of photons.  
  Address [Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Italy, Italy, Email: km3net-pc@km3net.de  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher IOP Publishing Ltd Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1748-0221 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000898568200003 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 5449  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Calvo, D.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer, M.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) The Control Unit of the KM3NeT Data Acquisition System Type Journal Article
  Year 2020 Publication Computer Physics Communications Abbreviated Journal Comput. Phys. Commun.  
  Volume 256 Issue Pages 107433 - 16pp  
  Keywords KM3NeT; Data acquisition control; Neutrino detector; Astroparticle detector; 07.05.Hd; 29.85.Ca  
  Abstract The KM3NeT Collaboration runs a multi-site neutrino observatory in the Mediterranean Sea. Water Cherenkov particle detectors, deep in the sea and far off the coasts of France and Italy, are already taking data while incremental construction progresses. Data Acquisition Control software is operating off-shore detectors as well as testing and qualification stations for their components. The software, named Control Unit, is highly modular. It can undergo upgrades and reconfiguration with the acquisition running. Interplay with the central database of the Collaboration is obtained in a way that allows for data taking even if Internet links fail. In order to simplify the management of computing resources in the long term, and to cope with possible hardware failures of one or more computers, the KM3NeT Control Unit software features a custom dynamic resource provisioning and failover technology, which is especially important for ensuring continuity in case of rare transient events in multi-messenger astronomy. The software architecture relies on ubiquitous tools and broadly adopted technologies and has been successfully tested on several operating systems.  
  Address [Aiello, S.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: cbozza@unisa.it;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Elsevier Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0010-4655 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000590251400011 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 4616  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author Real, D.; Calvo, D. doi  openurl
  Title (down) Silicon Photomultipliers for Neutrino Telescopes Type Journal Article
  Year 2023 Publication Universe Abbreviated Journal Universe  
  Volume 9 Issue 7 Pages 326 - 14pp  
  Keywords silicon photomultipliers; neutrino telescopes; time to digital converters; electronics acquisition  
  Abstract Neutrino astronomy has opened a new window to the extreme Universe, entering into a fruitful era built upon the success of neutrino telescopes, which have already given a new step forward in this novel and growing field by the first observation of steady point-like sources already achieved by IceCube. Neutrino telescopes equipped with Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs) will significantly increase in number, because of their excellent time resolution and the angular resolution, and will be in better condition to detect more steady sources as well as the unexpected. The use of SiPMs represents a challenge to the acquisition electronics because of the fast signals as well as the high levels of dark noise produced by SiPMs. The acquisition electronics need to include a noise rejection scheme by implementing a coincidence filter between channels. This work discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using SiPMs for the next generation of neutrino telescopes, focusing on the possible developments that could help for their adoption in the near future.  
  Address [Real, Diego; Calvo, David] Univ Valencia, Inst Fis Corpuscular, CSIC, IFIC, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, Valencia 46980, Spain, Email: real@ific.uv.es  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Mdpi Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:001038900800001 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration no  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 5593  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Sensitivity to light sterile neutrino mixing parameters with KM3NeT/ORCA Type Journal Article
  Year 2021 Publication Journal of High Energy Physics Abbreviated Journal J. High Energy Phys.  
  Volume 10 Issue 10 Pages 180 - 26pp  
  Keywords Neutrino Detectors and Telescopes (experiments); Oscillation  
  Abstract KM3NeT/ORCA is a next-generation neutrino telescope optimised for atmospheric neutrino oscillations studies. In this paper, the sensitivity of ORCA to the presence of a light sterile neutrino in a 3+1 model is presented. After three years of data taking, ORCA will be able to probe the active-sterile mixing angles theta(14), theta(24), theta(34) and the effective angle theta(mu e), over a broad range of mass squared difference Delta m(41)(2) similar to [10(-5), 10] eV(2), allowing to test the eV-mass sterile neutrino hypothesis as the origin of short baseline anomalies, as well as probing the hypothesis of a very light sterile neutrino, not yet constrained by cosmology. ORCA will be able to explore a relevant fraction of the parameter space not yet reached by present measurements.  
  Address [Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: jcoelho@apc.in2p3.fr;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Springer Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1029-8479 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000710339200001 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 5010  
Permanent link to this record
 

 
Author KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Barrios-Marti, J.; Calvo, D.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer, M.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Lotze, M.; Real, D.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (down) Sensitivity of the KM3NeT/ARCA neutrino telescope to point-like neutrino sources Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Astroparticle Physics Abbreviated Journal Astropart Phys.  
  Volume 111 Issue Pages 100-110  
  Keywords Astrophysical neutrino sources; Cherenkov underwater neutrino telescope; KM3NeT  
  Abstract KM3NeT will be a network of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. The KM3NeT/ARCA detector, to be installed at the Capo Passero site (Italy), is optimised for the detection of high-energy neutrinos of cosmic origin. Thanks to its geographical location on the Northern hemisphere, KM3NeT/ARCA can observe upgoing neutrinos from most of the Galactic Plane, including the Galactic Centre. Given its effective area and excellent pointing resolution, KM3NeT/ARCA will measure or significantly constrain the neutrino flux from potential astrophysical neutrino sources. At the same time, it will test flux predictions based on gamma-ray measurements and the assumption that the gamma-ray flux is of hadronic origin. Assuming this scenario, discovery potentials and sensitivities for a selected list of Galactic sources and to generic point sources with an E(-2 )spectrum are presented. These spectra are assumed to be time independent. The results indicate that an observation with 3 sigma significance is possible in about six years of operation for the most intense sources, such as Supernovae Remnants RX J1713.7-3946 and Vela Jr. If no signal will be found during this time, the fraction of the gamma-ray flux coming from hadronic processes can be constrained to be below 50% for these two objects.  
  Address [Aiello, S.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.; Tatone, F.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: sapienza@lns.infn.it;  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Elsevier Science Bv Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0927-6505 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes WOS:000470047300008 Approved no  
  Is ISI yes International Collaboration yes  
  Call Number IFIC @ pastor @ Serial 4047  
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