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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Aparisi Pozo, J. A., Bailey, A. J., Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo, F. L., Castillo Gimenez, V., et al. (2020). Alignment of the ATLAS Inner Detector in Run 2. Eur. Phys. J. C, 80(12), 1194–41pp.
Abstract: The performance of the ATLAS Inner Detector alignment has been studied using pp collision data at v s = 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment during Run 2 (2015-2018) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The goal of the detector alignment is to determine the detector geometry as accurately as possible and correct for time-dependent movements. The Inner Detector alignment is based on the minimization of track-hit residuals in a sequence of hierarchical levels, from global mechanical assembly structures to local sensors. Subsequent levels have increasing numbers of degrees of freedom; in total there are almost 750,000. The alignment determines detector geometry on both short and long timescales, where short timescales describe movementswithin anLHCfill. The performance and possible track parameter biases originating from systematic detector deformations are evaluated. Momentum biases are studied using resonances decaying to muons or to electrons. The residual sagitta bias and momentum scale bias after alignment are reduced to less than similar to 0.1 TeV-1 and 0.9 x 10(-3), respectively. Impact parameter biases are also evaluated using tracks within jets.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Aparisi Pozo, J. A., Bailey, A. J., Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo, F. L., Castillo Gimenez, V., et al. (2020). Measurements of the Higgs boson inclusive and differential fiducial cross sections in the 4l decay channel at root s=13 TeV. Eur. Phys. J. C, 80(10), 942–67pp.
Abstract: Inclusive and differential fiducial cross sections of the Higgs boson are measured in the H -> ZZ* -> 4l (l = e, mu) decay channel. The results are based on proton-proton collision data produced at the Large Hadron Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector from 2015 to 2018, equivalent to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb(-1). The inclusive fiducial cross section for the H -> ZZ* -> 4l process is measured to be sigma(fid) = 3.28 +/- 0.32 fb, in agreement with the StandardModel prediction of sigma(fid,SM) = 3.41 +/- 0.18 fb. Differential fiducial cross sections are measured for a variety of observables which are sensitive to the production and decay of the Higgs boson. Allmeasurements are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions. The results are used to constrain anomalous Higgs boson interactions with StandardModel particles.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Aparisi Pozo, J. A., Bailey, A. J., Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo, F. L., Castillo Gimenez, V., et al. (2020). Search for a scalar partner of the top quark in the all-hadronic t(t)over-bar plus missing transverse momentum final state at root s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Eur. Phys. J. C, 80(8), 737–44pp.
Abstract: A search for direct pair production of scalar partners of the top quark (top squarks or scalar third-generation up-type leptoquarks) in the all-hadronic t (t) over bar plus missing transverse momentum final state is presented. The analysis of 139 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collision data collected using the ATLAS detector at the LHC yields no significant excess over the Standard Model background expectation. To interpret the results, a supersymmetric model is used where the top squark decays via (t) over tilde -> t(*) (chi) over tilde (0)(1), with t(*) denoting an on-shell (off-shell) top quark and (chi) over tilde (0)(1) the lightest neutralino. Three specific event selections are optimised for the following scenarios. In the scenario where m((t) over tilde) > m(t) + m((chi) over tilde 10), top squark masses are excluded in the range 400-1250 GeV for (chi) over tilde (0)(1) masses below 200 GeV at 95% confidence level. In the situation where m((t) over tilde) similar to m(t) + m((chi) over tilde 10), top squarkmasses in the range 300-630 GeV are excluded, while in the case where m((t) over tilde) < m(W) + m(b) + m(<(chi)over tilde>10) (with m((t) over tilde) – m((chi) over tilde 10) >= 5 GeV), considered for the first time in an ATLAS all-hadronic search, top squark masses in the range 300-660 GeV are excluded. Limits are also set for scalar third-generation up-type leptoquarks, excluding leptoquarks with masses below 1240 GeV when considering only leptoquark decays into a top quark and a neutrino.
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Moretti, F., Bombacigno, F., & Montani, G. (2020). Gravitational Landau damping for massive scalar modes. Eur. Phys. J. C, 80(12), 1203–9pp.
Abstract: We establish the possibility of Landau damping for gravitational scalar waves which propagate in a non-collisional gas of particles. In particular, under the hypothesis of homogeneity and isotropy, we describe the medium at the equilibrium with a Juttner-Maxwell distribution, and we analytically determine the damping rate from the Vlasov equation. We find that damping occurs only if the phase velocity of the wave is subluminal throughout the propagation within the medium. Finally, we investigate relativistic media in cosmological settings by adopting numerical techniques.
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Martinez Torres, A., Khemchandani, K. P., Roca, L., & Oset, E. (2020). Few-body systems consisting of mesons. Few-Body Syst., 61(4), 35–16pp.
Abstract: We present a work which is meant to inspire the few-body practitioners to venture into the study of new, more exotic, systems and to hadron physicists, working mostly on two-body problems, to move in the direction of studying related few-body systems. For this purpose we devote the discussions in the introduction to show how the input two-body amplitudes can be easily obtained using techniques of the chiral unitary theory, or its extensions to the heavy quark sector. We then briefly explain how these amplitudes can be used to solve the Faddeev equations or a simpler version obtained by treating the three-body scattering as that of a particle on a fixed center. Further, we give some examples of the results obtained by studying systems involving mesons. We have also addressed the field of many meson systems, which is currently almost unexplored, but for which we envisage a bright future. Finally, we give a complete list of works dealing with unconventional few-body systems involving one or several mesons, summarizing in this way the findings on the topic, and providing a motivation for those willing to investigate such systems.
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Davidek, T., & Fiorini, L. (2020). Search for Lepton-Flavor-Violating Decays of Bosons With the ATLAS Detector. Front. Physics, 8, 149–13pp.
Abstract: The quest for lepton-flavor-violating processes at the LHC represents one of the key searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model. This review summarizes the direct searches for lepton-flavor-violating decays of heavy bosons with the ATLAS detector, using proton-proton collisions at the center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV.
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Zhang, X., Xiao, Y. T., & Gimeno, B. (2020). Multipactor Suppression by a Resonant Static Magnetic Field on a Dielectric Surface. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 67(12), 5723–5728.
Abstract: In this article, we study the suppression of the multipactor phenomenon on a dielectric surface by a resonant static magnetic field. A homemade Monte Carlo algorithm is developed for multipactor simulations on a dielectric surface driven by two orthogonal radio frequency (RF) electric field components. When the static magnetic field is perpendicular to the tangential and normal RF electric fields, it is shown that if the normal electric field lags the tangential electric field by pi/2, the superposition of the normal and tangential electric fields will trigger a gyro-acceleration of the electron cloud and restrain the multipactor discharge effectively. By contrast, when the normal electric field is in advance of the tangential electric field by pi/2, the difference between the normal and tangential electric fields drives gyro-motion of the electron cloud. Consequently, two enhanced discharge zones are inevitable. The suppression effects of the resonant static magnetic field that is parallel to the tangential RF electric field or to the normal RF electric field are also presented.
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Mavromatos, N. E., & Mitsou, V. A. (2020). Magnetic monopoles revisited: Models and searches at colliders and in the Cosmos. Int. J. Mod. Phys. A, 35(23), 2030012–81pp.
Abstract: In this review, we discuss recent developments in both the theory and the experimental searches of magnetic monopoles in past, current and future colliders and in the Cosmos. The theoretical models include, apart from the standard Grand Unified Theories, extensions of the Standard Model that admit magnetic monopole solutions with finite energy and masses that can be as light as a few TeV. Specifically, we discuss, among other scenarios, modified Cho-Maison monopoles and magnetic monopoles in (string-inspired, higher derivative) Born-Infeld extensions of the hypercharge sector of the Standard Model. We also outline the conditions for which effective field theories describing the interaction of monopoles with photons are valid and can be used for result interpretation in monopole production at colliders. The experimental part of the review focuses on, past and present, cosmic and collider searches, including the latest bounds on monopole masses and magnetic charges by the ATLAS and MoEDAL experiments at the LHC, as well as prospects for future searches.
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Garcilazo, H., Valcarce, A., & Vijande, J. (2020). Neutral baryonic systems with strangeness. Int. J. Mod. Phys. E, 29(1), 1930009–22pp.
Abstract: We review the status as regards to the existence of three- and four-body bound states made of neutrons and Lambda hyperons. For interesting cases, the coupling to neutral baryonic systems made of charged particles of different strangeness has been addressed. There are strong arguments showing that the Lambda nn system has no bound states. Lambda Lambda nn strong stable states are not favored by our current knowledge of the strangeness -1 and -2 baryon-baryon interactions. However, a possible Xi(-) t quasibound state decaying to Lambda Lambda nn might exist in nature. Similarly, there is a broad agreement about the nonexistence of Lambda Lambda n bound states. However, the coupling to Xi NN states opens the door to a resonance above the Lambda Lambda n threshold.
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Schaffter, T. et al, Albiol, F., & Caballero, L. (2020). Evaluation of Combined Artificial Intelligence and Radiologist Assessment to Interpret Screening Mammograms. JAMA Netw. Open, 3(3), e200265–15pp.
Abstract: Importance Mammography screening currently relies on subjective human interpretation. Artificial intelligence (AI) advances could be used to increase mammography screening accuracy by reducing missed cancers and false positives. Objective To evaluate whether AI can overcome human mammography interpretation limitations with a rigorous, unbiased evaluation of machine learning algorithms. Design, Setting, and Participants In this diagnostic accuracy study conducted between September 2016 and November 2017, an international, crowdsourced challenge was hosted to foster AI algorithm development focused on interpreting screening mammography. More than 1100 participants comprising 126 teams from 44 countries participated. Analysis began November 18, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measurements Algorithms used images alone (challenge 1) or combined images, previous examinations (if available), and clinical and demographic risk factor data (challenge 2) and output a score that translated to cancer yes/no within 12 months. Algorithm accuracy for breast cancer detection was evaluated using area under the curve and algorithm specificity compared with radiologists' specificity with radiologists' sensitivity set at 85.9% (United States) and 83.9% (Sweden). An ensemble method aggregating top-performing AI algorithms and radiologists' recall assessment was developed and evaluated. Results Overall, 144231 screening mammograms from 85580 US women (952 cancer positive <= 12 months from screening) were used for algorithm training and validation. A second independent validation cohort included 166578 examinations from 68008 Swedish women (780 cancer positive). The top-performing algorithm achieved an area under the curve of 0.858 (United States) and 0.903 (Sweden) and 66.2% (United States) and 81.2% (Sweden) specificity at the radiologists' sensitivity, lower than community-practice radiologists' specificity of 90.5% (United States) and 98.5% (Sweden). Combining top-performing algorithms and US radiologist assessments resulted in a higher area under the curve of 0.942 and achieved a significantly improved specificity (92.0%) at the same sensitivity. Conclusions and Relevance While no single AI algorithm outperformed radiologists, an ensemble of AI algorithms combined with radiologist assessment in a single-reader screening environment improved overall accuracy. This study underscores the potential of using machine learning methods for enhancing mammography screening interpretation. Question How do deep learning algorithms perform compared with radiologists in screening mammography interpretation? Findings In this diagnostic accuracy study using 144231 screening mammograms from 85580 women from the United States and 166578 screening mammograms from 68008 women from Sweden, no single artificial intelligence algorithm outperformed US community radiologist benchmarks; including clinical data and prior mammograms did not improve artificial intelligence performance. However, combining best-performing artificial intelligence algorithms with single-radiologist assessment demonstrated increased specificity. Meaning Integrating artificial intelligence to mammography interpretation in single-radiologist settings could yield significant performance improvements, with the potential to reduce health care system expenditures and address resource scarcity experienced in population-based screening programs. This diagnostic accuracy study evaluates whether artificial intelligence can overcome human mammography interpretation limits with a rigorous, unbiased evaluation of machine learning algorithms.
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