|
Records |
Links |
|
Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V; Garcia Soto, A.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J. J.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Lazo, A.; Lessing, N.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pastor Gomez, E.J.; Rahaman, U.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J. D.; Zuñiga, J. |
|
|
Title |
KM3NeT broadcast optical data transport system |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
|
|
Volume |
18 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
T02001 - 22pp |
|
|
Keywords |
Cherenkov detectors; Data Processing; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Optics |
|
|
Abstract |
The optical data transport system of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will provide more than 6000 optical modules in the detector arrays with a point-to-point optical connection to the control stations onshore. The ARCA and ORCA detectors of KM3NeT are being installed at a depth of about 3500 m and 2500 m, respectively and their distance to the control stations is about 100 kilometers and 40 kilometers. In particular, the two detectors are optimised for the detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above about 1 TeV (ARCA) and for the detection of atmospheric neutrinos with energies in the range 1 GeV-1 TeV (ORCA). The expected maximum data rate is 200 Mbps per optical module. The implemented optical data transport system matches the layouts of the networks of electro-optical cables and junction boxes in the deep sea. For efficient use of the fibres in the system the technology of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing is applied. The performance of the optical system in terms of measured bit error rates, optical budget are presented. The next steps in the implementation of the system are also discussed. |
|
|
Address |
[Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
IOP Publishing Ltd |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
1748-0221 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
WOS:000989217700001 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
|
|
Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5565 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Garcia Soto, A.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Lazo, A.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
|
|
Title |
The KM3NeT multi-PMT optical module |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2022 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
|
|
Volume |
17 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
P07038 - 28pp |
|
|
Keywords |
Cherenkov detectors; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors |
|
|
Abstract |
The optical module of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope is an innovative multi-faceted large area photodetection module. It contains 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes in a single 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module is a sensory device also comprising calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout and data acquisition. It is capped with a breakout-box with electronics for connection to an electro-optical cable for power and long-distance communication to the onshore control station. The design of the module was qualified for the first time in the deep sea in 2013. Since then, the technology has been further improved to meet requirements of scalability, cost-effectiveness and high reliability. The module features a sub-nanosecond timing accuracy and a dynamic range allowing the measurement of a single photon up to a cascade of thousands of photons, suited for the measurement of the Cherenkov radiation induced in water by secondary particles from interactions of neutrinos with energies in the range of GeV to PeV. A distributed production model has been implemented for the delivery of more than 6000 modules in the coming few years with an average production rate of more than 100 modules per month. In this paper a review is presented of the design of the multi-PMT KM3NeT optical module with a proven effective background suppression and signal recognition and sensitivity to the incoming direction of photons. |
|
|
Address |
[Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Italy, Italy, Email: km3net-pc@km3net.de |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
IOP Publishing Ltd |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
1748-0221 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
WOS:000898568200003 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
|
|
Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5449 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Corredoira, I; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Muñoz Perez, D.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
|
|
Title |
Deep-sea deployment of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope detection units by self-unrolling |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
|
|
Volume |
15 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
P11027 - 18pp |
|
|
Keywords |
Cherenkov detectors; Manufacturing; Overall mechanics design (support structures and materials, vibration analysis etc); Special cables |
|
|
Abstract |
KM3NeT is a research infrastructure being installed in the deep Mediterranean Sea. It will house a neutrino telescope comprising hundreds of networked moorings – detection units or strings – equipped with optical instrumentation to detect the Cherenkov radiation generated by charged particles from neutrino-induced collisions in its vicinity. In comparison to moorings typically used for oceanography, several key features of the KM3NeT string are different: the instrumentation is contained in transparent and thus unprotected glass spheres; two thin Dyneema (R) ropes are used as strength members; and a thin delicate backbone tube with fibre-optics and copper wires for data and power transmission, respectively, runs along the full length of the mooring. Also, compared to other neutrino telescopes such as ANTARES in the Mediterranean Sea and GVD in Lake Baikal, the KM3NeT strings are more slender to minimise the amount of material used for support of the optical sensors. Moreover, the rate of deploying a large number of strings in a period of a few years is unprecedented. For all these reasons, for the installation of the KM3NeT strings, a custom-made, fast deployment method was designed. Despite the length of several hundreds of metres, the slim design of the string allows it to be compacted into a small, re-usable spherical launching vehicle instead of deploying the mooring weight down from a surface vessel. After being lowered to the seafloor, the string unfurls to its full length with the buoyant launching vehicle rolling along the two ropes. The design of the vehicle, the loading with a string, and its underwater self-unrolling are detailed in this paper. |
|
|
Address |
[Aiello, S.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: eberbee@km3net.de; |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
Iop Publishing Ltd |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
1748-0221 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
WOS:000595650800015 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
|
|
Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4632 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Garcia Soto, A.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Lazo, A.; Lessing, N.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pastor Gomez, E.J.; Rahaman, U.; Real, D.; Saina, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
|
|
Title |
Embedded software of the KM3NeT central logic board |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2024 |
Publication |
Computer Physics Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comput. Phys. Commun. |
|
|
Volume |
296 |
Issue |
|
Pages |
109036 - 15pp |
|
|
Keywords |
Embedded software; Neutrino detectors; Synchronization networks |
|
|
Abstract |
The KM3NeT Collaboration is building and operating two deep sea neutrino telescopes at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes consist of latices of photomultiplier tubes housed in pressure-resistant glass spheres, called digital optical modules and arranged in vertical detection units. The two main scientific goals are the determination of the neutrino mass ordering and the discovery and observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe. Neutrinos are detected via the Cherenkov light, which is induced by charged particles originated in neutrino interactions. The photomultiplier tubes convert the Cherenkov light into electrical signals that are acquired and timestamped by the acquisition electronics. Each optical module houses the acquisition electronics for collecting and timestamping the photomultiplier signals with one nanosecond accuracy. Once finished, the two telescopes will have installed more than six thousand optical acquisition nodes, completing one of the more complex networks in the world in terms of operation and synchronization. The embedded software running in the acquisition nodes has been designed to provide a framework that will operate with different hardware versions and functionalities. The hardware will not be accessible once in operation, which complicates the embedded software architecture. The embedded software provides a set of tools to facilitate remote manageability of the deployed hardware, including safe reconfiguration of the firmware. This paper presents the architecture and the techniques, methods and implementation of the embedded software running in the acquisition nodes of the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes. Program summary Program title: Embedded software for the KM3NeT CLB CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/s847hpsns4.1 Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3 Programming language: C Nature of problem: The challenge for the embedded software in the KM3NeT neutrino telescope lies in orchestrating the Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) to achieve the synchronized data acquisition of the incoming optical signals. The DOMs are the crucial component responsible for capturing neutrino interactions deep underwater. The embedded software must configure and precisely time the operation of each DOM. Any deviation or timing mismatch could compromise data integrity, undermining the scientific value of the experiment. Therefore, the embedded software plays a critical role in coordinating, synchronizing, and operating these modules, ensuring they work in unison to capture and process neutrino signals accurately, ultimately advancing our understanding of fundamental particles in the Universe. Solution method: The embedded software on the DOMs provides a solution based on a C-based bare-metal application, operating without a real-time embedded OS. It is loaded into the RAM during FPGA configuration, consuming less than 256 kB of RAM. The software architecture comprises two layers: system software and application. The former offers OS-like features, including a multitasking scheduler, firmware updates, peripheral drivers, a UDP-based network stack, and error handling utilities. The application layer contains a state machine ensuring consistent program states. It is navigated via slow control events, including external inputs and autonomous responses. Subsystems within the application code control specific acquisition electronics components via the associated driver abstractions. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: Due to the operation conditions of the neutrino telescope, where access is restricted, the embedded software implements a fail-safe procedure to reconfigure the firmware where the embedded software runs. |
|
|
Address |
[Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.; Sinopoulou, A.; Tosta e Melo, I] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: km3net-pc@km3net.de; |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
Elsevier |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
0010-4655 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
WOS:001162587500001 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
|
|
Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5961 |
|
Permanent link to this record |
|
|
|
|
Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Bariego-Quintana, A.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Garcia Soto, A.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Lazo, A.; Lessing, N.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pastor Gomez, E.J.; Rahaman, U.; Real, D.; Saina, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
|
|
Title |
Searches for neutrino counterparts of gravitational waves from the LIGO/Virgo third observing run with KM3NeT |
Type |
Journal Article |
|
Year |
2024 |
Publication |
Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. |
|
|
Volume |
04 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
026 - 28pp |
|
|
Keywords |
neutrino astronomy; gravitational waves / sources; neutrino experiments |
|
|
Abstract |
The KM3NeT neutrino telescope is currently being deployed at two different sites in the Mediterranean Sea. First searches for astrophysical neutrinos have been performed using data taken with the partial detector configuration already in operation. The paper presents the results of two independent searches for neutrinos from compact binary mergers detected during the third observing run of the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave interferometers. The first search looks for a global increase in the detector counting rates that could be associated with inverse beta decay events generated by MeV-scale electron anti -neutrinos. The second one focuses on upgoing track -like events mainly induced by muon (anti -)neutrinos in the GeV-TeV energy range. Both searches yield no significant excess for the sources in the gravitational wave catalogs. For each source, upper limits on the neutrino flux and on the total energy emitted in neutrinos in the respective energy ranges have been set. Stacking analyses of binary black hole mergers and neutron star -black hole mergers have also been performed to constrain the characteristic neutrino emission from these categories. |
|
|
Address |
[Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.; Sinopoulou, A.; Tosta e Melo, I] INFN, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: lestum@cppm.in2p3.fr; |
|
|
Corporate Author |
|
Thesis |
|
|
|
Publisher |
IOP Publishing Ltd |
Place of Publication |
|
Editor |
|
|
|
Language |
English |
Summary Language |
|
Original Title |
|
|
|
Series Editor |
|
Series Title |
|
Abbreviated Series Title |
|
|
|
Series Volume |
|
Series Issue |
|
Edition |
|
|
|
ISSN |
1475-7516 |
ISBN |
|
Medium |
|
|
|
Area |
|
Expedition |
|
Conference |
|
|
|
Notes |
WOS:001208840500002 |
Approved |
no |
|
|
Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
|
|
Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
6115 |
|
Permanent link to this record |