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KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Barrios-Marti, J.; Calvo, D.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer, M.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan-Chowdhury, N.R.; Lotze, M.; Perez Romero, J.; Real, D.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Characterisation of the Hamamatsu photomultipliers for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
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Volume |
13 |
Issue |
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Pages |
P05035 - 17pp |
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Keywords  |
Cherenkov detectors; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics; Neutrino detectors; Photon detectors for UV, visible and IR photons (vacuum) |
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Abstract |
The Hamamatsu R12199-023-inch photomultiplier tube is the photodetector chosen for the first phase of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. About 7000 photomultipliers have been characterised for dark count rate, timing spread and spurious pulses. The quantum efficiency, the gain and the peak-to-valley ratio have also been measured for a sub-sample in order to determine parameter values needed as input to numerical simulations of the detector. |
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Address |
[Morganti, M.] Accademia Navale Livorno, Viale Italia 72, I-57100 Livorno, Italy, Email: oleg.kalekin@physik.uni-erlangen.de; |
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Iop Publishing Ltd |
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English |
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1748-0221 |
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Notes |
WOS:000433886900001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
3601 |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Colomer, M.; Corredoira, I; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Muñoz Perez, D.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Salesa Greus, F.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Deep-sea deployment of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope detection units by self-unrolling |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Journal of Instrumentation |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Instrum. |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
P11027 - 18pp |
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Keywords |
Cherenkov detectors; Manufacturing; Overall mechanics design (support structures and materials, vibration analysis etc); Special cables |
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Abstract |
KM3NeT is a research infrastructure being installed in the deep Mediterranean Sea. It will house a neutrino telescope comprising hundreds of networked moorings – detection units or strings – equipped with optical instrumentation to detect the Cherenkov radiation generated by charged particles from neutrino-induced collisions in its vicinity. In comparison to moorings typically used for oceanography, several key features of the KM3NeT string are different: the instrumentation is contained in transparent and thus unprotected glass spheres; two thin Dyneema (R) ropes are used as strength members; and a thin delicate backbone tube with fibre-optics and copper wires for data and power transmission, respectively, runs along the full length of the mooring. Also, compared to other neutrino telescopes such as ANTARES in the Mediterranean Sea and GVD in Lake Baikal, the KM3NeT strings are more slender to minimise the amount of material used for support of the optical sensors. Moreover, the rate of deploying a large number of strings in a period of a few years is unprecedented. For all these reasons, for the installation of the KM3NeT strings, a custom-made, fast deployment method was designed. Despite the length of several hundreds of metres, the slim design of the string allows it to be compacted into a small, re-usable spherical launching vehicle instead of deploying the mooring weight down from a surface vessel. After being lowered to the seafloor, the string unfurls to its full length with the buoyant launching vehicle rolling along the two ropes. The design of the vehicle, the loading with a string, and its underwater self-unrolling are detailed in this paper. |
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Address |
[Aiello, S.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: eberbee@km3net.de; |
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Iop Publishing Ltd |
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English |
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1748-0221 |
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Notes |
WOS:000595650800015 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4632 |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Alves Garre, S.; Calvo, D.; Carretero, V.; Garcia Soto, A.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Lazo, A.; Lessing, N.; Manczak, J.; Palacios Gonzalez, J.; Pastor Gomez, E.J.; Rahaman, U.; Real, D.; Saina, A.; Salesa Greus, F.; Sanchez Losa, A.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
Embedded software of the KM3NeT central logic board |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2024 |
Publication |
Computer Physics Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comput. Phys. Commun. |
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Volume |
296 |
Issue |
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Pages |
109036 - 15pp |
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Keywords |
Embedded software; Neutrino detectors; Synchronization networks |
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Abstract |
The KM3NeT Collaboration is building and operating two deep sea neutrino telescopes at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. The telescopes consist of latices of photomultiplier tubes housed in pressure-resistant glass spheres, called digital optical modules and arranged in vertical detection units. The two main scientific goals are the determination of the neutrino mass ordering and the discovery and observation of high-energy neutrino sources in the Universe. Neutrinos are detected via the Cherenkov light, which is induced by charged particles originated in neutrino interactions. The photomultiplier tubes convert the Cherenkov light into electrical signals that are acquired and timestamped by the acquisition electronics. Each optical module houses the acquisition electronics for collecting and timestamping the photomultiplier signals with one nanosecond accuracy. Once finished, the two telescopes will have installed more than six thousand optical acquisition nodes, completing one of the more complex networks in the world in terms of operation and synchronization. The embedded software running in the acquisition nodes has been designed to provide a framework that will operate with different hardware versions and functionalities. The hardware will not be accessible once in operation, which complicates the embedded software architecture. The embedded software provides a set of tools to facilitate remote manageability of the deployed hardware, including safe reconfiguration of the firmware. This paper presents the architecture and the techniques, methods and implementation of the embedded software running in the acquisition nodes of the KM3NeT neutrino telescopes. Program summary Program title: Embedded software for the KM3NeT CLB CPC Library link to program files: https://doi.org/10.17632/s847hpsns4.1 Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3 Programming language: C Nature of problem: The challenge for the embedded software in the KM3NeT neutrino telescope lies in orchestrating the Digital Optical Modules (DOMs) to achieve the synchronized data acquisition of the incoming optical signals. The DOMs are the crucial component responsible for capturing neutrino interactions deep underwater. The embedded software must configure and precisely time the operation of each DOM. Any deviation or timing mismatch could compromise data integrity, undermining the scientific value of the experiment. Therefore, the embedded software plays a critical role in coordinating, synchronizing, and operating these modules, ensuring they work in unison to capture and process neutrino signals accurately, ultimately advancing our understanding of fundamental particles in the Universe. Solution method: The embedded software on the DOMs provides a solution based on a C-based bare-metal application, operating without a real-time embedded OS. It is loaded into the RAM during FPGA configuration, consuming less than 256 kB of RAM. The software architecture comprises two layers: system software and application. The former offers OS-like features, including a multitasking scheduler, firmware updates, peripheral drivers, a UDP-based network stack, and error handling utilities. The application layer contains a state machine ensuring consistent program states. It is navigated via slow control events, including external inputs and autonomous responses. Subsystems within the application code control specific acquisition electronics components via the associated driver abstractions. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: Due to the operation conditions of the neutrino telescope, where access is restricted, the embedded software implements a fail-safe procedure to reconfigure the firmware where the embedded software runs. |
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Address |
[Aiello, S.; Bruno, R.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.; Sinopoulou, A.; Tosta e Melo, I] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: km3net-pc@km3net.de; |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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ISSN |
0010-4655 |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:001162587500001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5961 |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Calvo, D.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer, M.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
KM3NeT front-end and readout electronics system: hardware, firmware, and software |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2019 |
Publication |
Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments and Systems |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Astron. Telesc. Instrum. Syst. |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
046001 - 15pp |
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Keywords |
front-end electronics; readout electronics; neutrino telescope; KM3NeT |
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Abstract |
The KM3NeT research infrastructure being built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will host water-Cherenkov telescopes for the detection of cosmic neutrinos. The neutrino telescopes will consist of large volume three-dimensional grids of optical modules to detect the Cherenkov light from charged particles produced by neutrino-induced interactions. Each optical module houses 31 3-in. photomultiplier tubes, instrumentation for calibration of the photomultiplier signal and positioning of the optical module, and all associated electronics boards. By design, the total electrical power consumption of an optical module has been capped at seven Watts. We present an overview of the front-end and readout electronics system inside the optical module, which has been designed for a 1-ns synchronization between the clocks of all optical modules in the grid during a life time of at least 20 years. (C) 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) |
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Address |
[Aiello, Sebastiano; Leonora, Emanuele; Longhitano, Fabio; Randazzo, Nunzio] INFN, Sez Catania, Catania, Italy, Email: v.van.beveren@nikhef.nl; |
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Spie-Soc Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers |
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English |
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ISSN |
2329-4124 |
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Notes |
WOS:000510649500024 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4282 |
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Author |
KM3NeT Collaboration (Aiello, S. et al); Calvo, D.; Coleiro, A.; Colomer, M.; Gozzini, S.R.; Hernandez-Rey, J.J.; Illuminati, G.; Khan Chowdhury, N.R.; Manczak, J.; Pieterse, C.; Real, D.; Thakore, T.; Zornoza, J.D.; Zuñiga, J. |
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Title |
The Control Unit of the KM3NeT Data Acquisition System |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Computer Physics Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comput. Phys. Commun. |
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Volume |
256 |
Issue |
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Pages |
107433 - 16pp |
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Keywords |
KM3NeT; Data acquisition control; Neutrino detector; Astroparticle detector; 07.05.Hd; 29.85.Ca |
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Abstract |
The KM3NeT Collaboration runs a multi-site neutrino observatory in the Mediterranean Sea. Water Cherenkov particle detectors, deep in the sea and far off the coasts of France and Italy, are already taking data while incremental construction progresses. Data Acquisition Control software is operating off-shore detectors as well as testing and qualification stations for their components. The software, named Control Unit, is highly modular. It can undergo upgrades and reconfiguration with the acquisition running. Interplay with the central database of the Collaboration is obtained in a way that allows for data taking even if Internet links fail. In order to simplify the management of computing resources in the long term, and to cope with possible hardware failures of one or more computers, the KM3NeT Control Unit software features a custom dynamic resource provisioning and failover technology, which is especially important for ensuring continuity in case of rare transient events in multi-messenger astronomy. The software architecture relies on ubiquitous tools and broadly adopted technologies and has been successfully tested on several operating systems. |
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Address |
[Aiello, S.; Leonora, E.; Longhitano, F.; Randazzo, N.] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy, Email: cbozza@unisa.it; |
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Publisher |
Elsevier |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
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Series Editor |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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ISSN |
0010-4655 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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Notes |
WOS:000590251400011 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4616 |
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