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Author |
Gimenez-Alventosa, V.; Gimenez, V.; Oliver, S. |
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Title |
PenRed: An extensible and parallel Monte-Carlo framework for radiation transport based on PENELOPE |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Computer Physics Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comput. Phys. Commun. |
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Volume |
267 |
Issue  |
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Pages |
108065 - 12pp |
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Keywords |
Radiation transport; Monte Carlo simulation; Electron-photon showers; Parallel computing; MPI; Medical physics |
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Abstract |
Monte Carlo methods provide detailed and accurate results for radiation transport simulations. Unfortunately, the high computational cost of these methods limits its usage in real-time applications. Moreover, existing computer codes do not provide a methodology for adapting these kinds of simulations to specific problems without advanced knowledge of the corresponding code system, and this restricts their applicability. To help solve these current limitations, we present PenRed, a general-purpose, standalone, extensible and modular framework code based on PENELOPE for parallel Monte Carlo simulations of electron-photon transport through matter. It has been implemented in C++ programming language and takes advantage of modern object-oriented technologies. In addition, PenRed offers the capability to read and process DICOM images as well as to construct and simulate image-based voxelized geometries, so as to facilitate its usage in medical applications. Our framework has been successfully verified against the original PENELOPE Fortran code. Furthermore, the implemented parallelism has been tested showing a significant improvement in the simulation time without any loss in precision of results. Program summary Program title: PenRed: Parallel Engine for Radiation Energy Deposition. CPC Library link to program files: https://doi .org /10 .17632/rkw6tvtngy.1 Licensing provision: GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL). Programming language: C++ standard 2011. Nature of problem: Monte Carlo simulations usually require a huge amount of computation time to achieve low statistical uncertainties. In addition, many applications necessitate particular characteristics or the extraction of specific quantities from the simulation. However, most available Monte Carlo codes do not provide an efficient parallel and truly modular structure which allows users to easily customise their code to suit their needs without an in-depth knowledge of the code system. Solution method: PenRed is a fully parallel, modular and customizable framework for Monte Carlo simulations of the passage of radiation through matter. It is based on the PENELOPE [1] code system, from which inherits its unique physics models and tracking algorithms for charged particles. PenRed has been coded in C++ following an object-oriented programming paradigm restricted to the C++11 standard. Our engine implements parallelism via a double approach: on the one hand, by using standard C++ threads for shared memory, improving the access and usage of the memory, and, on the other hand, via the MPI standard for distributed memory infrastructures. Notice that both kinds of parallelism can be combined together in the same simulation. Moreover, both threads and MPI processes, can be balanced using the builtin load balance system (RUPER-LB [30]) to maximise the performance on heterogeneous infrastructures. In addition, PenRed provides a modular structure with methods designed to easily extend its functionality. Thus, users can create their own independent modules to adapt our engine to their needs without changing the original modules. Furthermore, user extensions will take advantage of the builtin parallelism without any extra effort or knowledge of parallel programming. Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: PenRed has been compiled in linux systems withg++ of GCC versions 4.8.5, 7.3.1, 8.3.1 and 9; clang version 3.4.2 and intel C++ compiler (icc) version 19.0.5.281. Since it is a C++11-standard compliant code, PenRed should be able to compile with any compiler with C++11 support. In addition, if the code is compiled without MPI support, it does not require any non standard library. To enable MPI capabilities, the user needs to install whatever available MPI implementation, such as openMPI [24] or mpich [25], which can be found in the repositories of any linux distribution. Finally, to provide DICOM processing support, PenRed can be optionally compiled using the dicom toolkit (dcmtk) [32] library. Thus, PenRed has only two optional dependencies, an MPI implementation and the dcmtk library. |
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Address |
[Gimenez-Alventosa, V] Univ Politecn Valencia, Inst Instrumentac Imagen Mol I3M, Ctr Mixto CSIC, Cami Vera S-N, Valencia 46022, Spain, Email: vicent.gimenez@i3m.upv.es; |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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0010-4655 |
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Notes |
WOS:000678508900001 |
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no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4907 |
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Author |
Jay, G.; Arnault, P.; Debbasch, F. |
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Title |
Dirac quantum walks with conserved angular momentum |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Quantum Studies-Mathematics and Foundations |
Abbreviated Journal |
Quantum Stud. Math. Found. |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
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Pages |
419-430 |
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Keywords |
Quantum walks; Quantum simulation; Lattice field theory |
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Abstract |
A quantum walk (QW) simulating the flat (1+2)D Dirac equation on a spatial polar grid is constructed. Because fermions are represented by spinors, which do not constitute a representation of the rotation group SO(3), but rather of its double cover SU(2), the QW can only be defined globally on an extended spacetime where the polar angle extends from 0 to 4 pi. The coupling of the QW with arbitrary electromagnetic fields is also presented. Finally, the cylindrical relativistic Landau levels of the Dirac equation are computed explicitly and simulated by the QW. |
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[Jay, Gareth] Univ Western Australia, Phys Dept, Perth, WA 6009, Australia, Email: gareth.jay@uwa.edu.au; |
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Springer |
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English |
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ISSN |
2196-5609 |
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Notes |
WOS:000697709700001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4975 |
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Author |
Asai, M.; Cortes-Giraldo, M.A.; Gimenez-Alventosa, V.; Gimenez, V.; Salvat, F. |
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Title |
The PENELOPE Physics Models and Transport Mechanics. Implementation into Geant4 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2021 |
Publication |
Frontiers in Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Front. Physics |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
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Pages |
738735 - 20pp |
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Keywords |
coupled electron-photon transport; Monte Carlo simulation; PENELOPE code system; random-hinge method; Geant4 toolkit |
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Abstract |
A translation of the penelope physics subroutines to C++, designed as an extension of the Geant4 toolkit, is presented. The Fortran code system penelope performs Monte Carlo simulation of coupled electron-photon transport in arbitrary materials for a wide energy range, nominally from 50 eV up to 1 GeV. Penelope implements the most reliable interaction models that are currently available, limited only by the required generality of the code. In addition, the transport of electrons and positrons is simulated by means of an elaborate class II scheme in which hard interactions (involving deflection angles or energy transfers larger than pre-defined cutoffs) are simulated from the associated restricted differential cross sections. After a brief description of the interaction models adopted for photons and electrons/positrons, we describe the details of the class-II algorithm used for tracking electrons and positrons. The C++ classes are adapted to the specific code structure of Geant4. They provide a complete description of the interactions and transport mechanics of electrons/positrons and photons in arbitrary materials, which can be activated from the G4ProcessManager to produce simulation results equivalent to those from the original penelope programs. The combined code, named PenG4, benefits from the multi-threading capabilities and advanced geometry and statistical tools of Geant4. |
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[Asai, Makoto] SLAC Natl Accelerator Lab, Menlo Pk, CA USA, Email: miancortes@us.es; |
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Frontiers Media Sa |
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English |
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ISSN |
2296-424x |
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Notes |
WOS:000742889400001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5080 |
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Author |
Figueroa, D.G.; Florio, A.; Torrenti, F.; Valkenburg, W. |
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Title |
CosmoLattice: A modern code for lattice simulations of scalar and gauge field dynamics in an expanding universe |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Computer Physics Communications |
Abbreviated Journal |
Comput. Phys. Commun. |
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Volume |
283 |
Issue |
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Pages |
108586 - 13pp |
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Keywords |
Early universe; Real-time lattice simulations; Gauge -invariant lattice techniques |
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Abstract |
This paper describes CosmoGattice, a modern package for lattice simulations of the dynamics of interacting scalar and gauge fields in an expanding universe. CosmoGattice incorporates a series of features that makes it very versatile and powerful: i) it is written in C++ fully exploiting the object oriented programming paradigm, with a modular structure and a clear separation between the physics and the technical details, ii) it is MPI-based and uses a discrete Fourier transform parallelized in multiple spatial dimensions, which makes it specially appropriate for probing scenarios with well -separated scales, running very high resolution simulations, or simply very long ones, iii) it introduces its own symbolic language, defining field variables and operations over them, so that one can introduce differential equations and operators in a manner as close as possible to the continuum, iv) it includes a library of numerical algorithms, ranging from O(delta t(2)) to O(delta t(10)) methods, suitable for simulating global and gauge theories in an expanding grid, including the case of 'self-consistent' expansion sourced by the fields themselves. Relevant observables are provided for each algorithm (e.g. energy densities, field spectra, lattice snapshots) and we note that, remarkably, all our algorithms for gauge theories (Abelian or non-Abelian) always respect the Gauss constraint to machine precision. Program summary Program Title:: CosmoGattice CPC Library link to program files: https://doi .org /10 .17632 /44vr5xssc6 .1 Developer's repository link: http://github .com /cosmolattice /cosmolattice Licensing provisions: MIT Programming language: C++, MPI Nature of problem: The phenomenology of high energy physics in the early universe is typically characterized by non-linear dynamics, which cannot be captured accurately with analytical techniques. In order to fully understand the non-linearities developed in a given scenario, one needs to carry out lattice simulations. A number of public packages for lattice simulations have appeared over the years, but most of them are only capable of simulating scalar fields. However, realistic models of particle physics do contain other kind of field species, such as (Abelian or non-Abelian) gauge fields, whose non-linear dynamics can also play a relevant role in the early universe. Tensor modes representing gravitational waves are also naturally expected in many scenarios. Solution method: CosmoGattice represents a modern code for lattice simulations of scalar-gauge field theories in an expanding universe. It allows for the simulation of the evolution of interacting (singlet) scalar fields, charged scalar fields under U(1) and/or SU(2) gauge groups, and the corresponding associated Abelian and/or non-Abelian gauge fields. From version 1.1 onward, CosmoGattice also allows to simulate the production of gravitational waves. Simulations can be done either in a flat space-time background, or in a homogeneous and isotropic (spatially flat) expanding FLRW background. CosmoGattice provides symplectic integrators, with accuracy ranging from O (delta t(2)) up to O(delta t(10)), to simuate the non-linear dynamics of the appropriate fields in comoving three-dimensional lattices. The code is parallelized with MPI, and uses a discrete Fourier Transform parallelized in multiple spatial dimensions, which makes it a very powerful code for probing physical problems with well-separated scales. Moreover, the code has been designed as a `platform' to implement any system of dynamical equations suitable for discretization on a lattice. |
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Address |
[Figueroa, Daniel G.] CSIC, Inst Fis Corpuscular IFIC, Valencia, Spain, Email: f.torrenti@unibas.ch |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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0010-4655 |
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Notes |
WOS:000899506700008 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5451 |
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Author |
Natochii, A. et al; Marinas, C. |
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Title |
Measured and projected beam backgrounds in the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A |
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Volume |
1055 |
Issue |
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Pages |
168550 - 21pp |
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Keywords |
Detector background; Lepton collider; Monte-Carlo simulation |
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Abstract |
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider aims to collect an unprecedented data set of 50 ab-1 to study CP-violation in the B-meson system and to search for Physics beyond the Standard Model. SuperKEKB is already the world's highest-luminosity collider. In order to collect the planned data set within approximately one decade, the target is to reach a peak luminosity of 6 x 1035 cm-2 s-1by further increasing the beam currents and reducing the beam size at the interaction point by squeezing the betatron function down to betay* = 0.3 mm. To ensure detector longevity and maintain good reconstruction performance, beam backgrounds must remain well controlled. We report on current background rates in Belle II and compare these against simulation. We find that a number of recent refinements have significantly improved the background simulation accuracy. Finally, we estimate the safety margins going forward. We predict that backgrounds should remain high but acceptable until a luminosity of at least 2.8 x 1035 cm-2 s-1is reached for betay* = 0.6 mm. At this point, the most vulnerable Belle II detectors, the Time-of-Propagation (TOP) particle identification system and the Central Drift Chamber (CDC), have predicted background hit rates from single-beam and luminosity backgrounds that add up to approximately half of the maximum acceptable rates. |
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Address |
[Natochii, A.; Browder, T. E.; Schueler, J.; Vahsen, S. E.] Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA, Email: natochii@hawaii.edu; |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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ISSN |
0168-9002 |
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Notes |
WOS:001056103200001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5626 |
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