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Krupczak, R., da Silva, T. N., Domingues, T. S., Luzum, M., Denicol, G. S., Gardim, F. G., et al. (2024). Causality violations in simulations of large and small heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C, 109(3), 034908–12pp.
Abstract: Heavy-ion collisions, such as Pb-Pb or p-Pb, produce extreme conditions in temperature and density that make the hadronic matter transition to a new state, called quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Simulations of heavy-ion collisions provide a way to improve our understanding of the QGP's properties. These simulations are composed of a hybrid description that results in final observables in agreement with accelerators like LHC and RHIC. However, recent works pointed out that these hydrodynamic simulations can display acausal behavior during the evolution in certain regions, indicating a deviation from a faithful representation of the underlying QCD dynamics. To pursue a better understanding of this problem and its consequences, this work simulated two different collision systems, Pb-Pb and p-Pb at root sNN = 5.02 TeV. In this context, our results show that causality violation, even though always present, typically occurs on a small part of the system, quantified by the total energy fraction residing in the acausal region. In addition, the acausal behavior can be reduced with changes in the prehydrodynamic factors and the definition of the bulk-viscous relaxation time. Since these aspects are fairly arbitrary in current simulation models, without solid guidance from the underlying theory, it is reasonable to use the disturbing presence of acausal behavior in current simulations to guide improvements towards more realistic modeling. While this work does not solve the acausality problem, it sheds more light on this issue and also proposes a way to solve this problem in simulations of heavy-ion collisions.
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Krolas, W. et al, & Gadea, A. (2011). Coupling of the proton-hole and neutron-particle states in the neutron-rich (48)K isotope. Phys. Rev. C, 84(6), 064301–8pp.
Abstract: Excited states in the Z = 19, N = 29 neutron-rich (48)K isotope have been studied using deep-inelastic transfer reactions with a thick target at Gammasphere and with a thin target at the PRISMA-CLARA spectrometer. The lowest excited states were located; they involve a proton hole in the s(1/2) or d(3/2) orbital coupled to a p(3/2) neutron. A new 7.1(5)-ns, 5(+) isomer, the analog of the 7/2 isomer in (47)K, was identified. Based on the observed gamma-decay pattern of the isomer a revised spin-parity assignment of 1(-) is proposed for the ground state of (48)K.
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Kaya, L. et al, & Gadea, A. (2018). Millisecond 23/2(+) isomers in the N=79 isotones Xe-133 and Ba-135. Phys. Rev. C, 98(5), 054312–16pp.
Abstract: Detailed information on isomeric states in A approximate to 135 nuclei is exploited to shell-model calculations in the region northwest of doubly magic nucleus Sn-132. The N = 79 isotones Xe-133 and Ba-135 are studied after multinucleon transfer in the Xe-136 + Pb-208 reaction employing the high-resolution Advanced GAmma Array (AGATA) coupled to the magnetic spectrometer PRISMA at the Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, Italy and in a pulsed-beam experiment at the FN tandem accelerator of the University of Cologne Germany utilizing a Be-9 + Te-130 fusion-evaporation reaction at a beam energy of 40 MeV. Isomeric states are identified via delayed gamma-ray spectroscopy. Hitherto tentative excitation energy spin and parity assignments of the 2017-keV J(pi) = 23/2(+) isomer in Xe-133 are confirmed and a half-life of T-1/2 = 8.64(13) ms is measured. The 2388-keV state in Ba-135. is identified as a J(pi) = 23/2(+) isomer with a half-life of 1.06(4) ms. The new results show a smooth onset of isomeric J(pi) = 23/2(+) states along the N = 79 isotones and close a gap in the high-spin systematics towards the recently investigated J(pi) = 23/2(+) isomer in Nd-139. The resulting systematics of M2 reduced transition probabilities is discussed within the of the nuclear shell model. Latest large-scale shell-model calculations employing the SN100PN, GCN50:82, SN100-KTH and a realistic effective interaction reproduce the experimental findings generally well and give insight into the structure of the isomers.
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Karakoc, M. et al, & Molina, F. (2014). Gamow-Teller transitions in the A=40 isoquintet of relevance for neutrino captures in Ar-40. Phys. Rev. C, 89(6), 064313–7pp.
Abstract: Background: The Gamow-Teller response of Ar-40 is important for the use of liquid argon as a medium for neutrino detection. An ambiguity about the Gamow-Teller strength for the excitation of 1(+) states at 2290 and 2730 keV in K-40 results in a significant uncertainty for neutrino capture rates. This ambiguity is caused by the large discrepancy observed between strengths extracted from Ar-40(p, n) charge-exchange data and the transition strengths for the analog transitions studied in the beta decay of Ti-40. Purpose: This study was aimed at resolving the ambiguity between the results from the Ar-40(p, n) charge-exchange and Ti-40 beta-decay data. Method: Shell-model calculations in the sd-pf shell with a new interaction (WBMB-C) were used to study differences between the structure of the transitions from Ar-40 and Ti-40. Distorted-wave Born approximation reaction calculations were used to investigate uncertainties in the extraction of Gamow-Teller strength from the Ar-40(p, n) data. New high-resolution data for the Ar-40(He-3,t) reaction were used to gain further insight into the charge-exchange reaction mechanism and to provide more information to test the validity of the shell-model calculations. Results: The shell-model calculations showed that interference between amplitudes associated with pf and sd components to the low-lying Gamow-Teller transitions, in combination with a difference in Coulomb energy shifts for Ar-40 and Ti-40, can produce the differences on the scale of those observed between the Ar-40 charge-exchange and Ti-40 beta-decay data. In combination with the difference in nuclear penetrability of the (p, n) and (He-3,t) probes, the different contributions from amplitudes associated with transitions in the pf and sd shells are likely also responsible for the observed discrepancy between the ratio of the cross sections for the low-lying 1(+) states in the Ar-40(p, n) and Ar-40(He-3,t) data. Conclusions: On the basis of this study, it is recommended to use Gamow-Teller strengths extracted from the Ar-40(p, n) data, not the Ti-40 beta-decay data, for the calculation of neutrino capture rates. Further theoretical studies are required to achieve a consistent quantitative description for the energy differences between low-lying 1(+) states in K-40 and Sc-40 and the experimentally observed Gamow-Teller strengths.
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Jungclaus, A. et al, & Montaner-Piza, A. (2020). Evolution of proton single-particle states in neutron-rich Sb isotopes beyond N=82. Phys. Rev. C, 102(3), 034324–11pp.
Abstract: The beta decay of the semimagic Sn isotopes Sn-136,Sn-137,Sn-138 has been studied at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory at the RIKEN Nishina Center. The first experimental information on excited states was obtained for Sb-137 while, in the case of Sb-136, the established excitation scheme could be extended by ten previously unidentified levels. In the decay of the most-neutron-rich isotope Sn-138, two gamma rays were observed for the first time. The new experimental results, in combination with state-of-the-art shell-model calculations, provide the first information with respect to the evolution of the Og(7/2) and 1d(5/2) proton single-particle states with increasing neutron number beyond N = 84.
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Jungclaus, A. et al, Gadea, A., & Montaner-Piza, A. (2016). First observation of gamma rays emitted from excited states south-east of Sn-132: The pi g(9/2)(-1) circle times nu f(7/2) multiplet of In-132(83). Phys. Rev. C, 93(4), 041301–6pp.
Abstract: For the first time, the gamma decay of excited states has been observed in a nucleus situated in the quadrant south-east of doubly magic Sn-132, a region in which experimental information so far is limited to ground-state properties. Six gamma rays with energies of 50, 86, 103, 227, 357, and 602 keV were observed following the beta-delayed neutron emission from Cd-133(85), populated in the projectile fission of a U-238 beam at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory at RIKEN within the EURICA project. The new experimental information is compared to the results of a modern realistic shell-model calculation, the first one in this region very far from stability, focusing in particular on the pi 0g(9/2)(-1) circle times nu 1f(7/2) particle-hole multiplet in In-132(83). In addition, theoretical estimates based on a scaling of the two-body matrix elements for the pi h(11/2)(-1) circle times nu g(9/2) analog multiplet in Tl-208(127), one major proton and one major neutron shell above, are presented.
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Jungclaus, A. et al, Gadea, A., & Montaner-Piza, A. (2016). beta decay of semi-magic Cd-130: Revision and extension of the level scheme of In-130. Phys. Rev. C, 94(2), 024303–8pp.
Abstract: The beta decay of the semi-magic nucleus Cd-130 has been studied at the RIBF facility at the RIKEN Nishina Center. The high statistics of the present experiment allowed for a revision of the established level scheme of In-130 and the observation of additional beta feeding to high- lying core-excited states in In-130. The experimental results are compared to shell-model calculations employing a model space consisting of the full major N = 50-82 neutron and Z = 28-50 proton shells and the NA-14 interaction, and good agreement is found.
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Jordan, D. et al, Algora, A., Tain, J. L., Rubio, B., Agramunt, J., Perez-Cerdan, A. B., et al. (2013). Total absorption study of the beta decay of Tc-102,Tc-104,Tc-105. Phys. Rev. C, 87(4), 044318–14pp.
Abstract: The beta-feeding probabilities for three important contributors to the decay heat in nuclear reactors, namely Tc-102,Tc-104,Tc-105, have been measured using the total absorption spectroscopy technique. For the measurements, sources of very high isobaric purity have been obtained using a Penning trap (JYFLTRAP). A detailed description of the data analysis is given and the results are compared with high-resolution measurements and theoretical calculations. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevC.87.044318
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Jin, S. Y. et al, & Algora, A. (2021). Spectroscopy of Cd-98 by two-nucleon removal from In-100. Phys. Rev. C, 104(2), 024302–6pp.
Abstract: Low-lying states of Cd-98 have been populated by the two-nucleon removal reaction (In-100, Cd-98+gamma) and studied using in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory at RIKEN. Two new gamma transitions were identified and assigned as decays from a previously unknown state. This state is suggested to be based on a pi 1g(/9/2)(-1)2p(1/2)(-2) configuration with J(pi) = 5(-). The present observation extends the systematics of the excitation energies of the first 5(-) state in N = 50 isotones toward Sn-100. The determined energy of the 5(- )state in Cd-98 continues a smooth trend along the N = 50 isotones. The systematics are compared with shell-model calculations in different model spaces. Good agreement is achieved when considering a model space consisting of the pi(1f(5/2), 2p(3/2), 2p(1/2), 1g(9/2)) orbitals. The calculations with a smaller model space omitting the orbitals below the Z = 38 subshell could not reproduce the experimental energy difference between the ground and first 5(-) states in N = 50 isotones, because proton excitations across Z = 38 subshell yield a large amount of correlation energy that lowers the ground states.
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Ilner, A., Cabrera, D., Markert, C., & Bratkovskaya, E. (2017). K* vector meson resonance dynamics in heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C, 95(1), 014903–15pp.
Abstract: We study the strange vector meson (K*, (K) over bar*) dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions based on the microscopic parton-hadron-string dynamics (PHSD) transport approach which incorporates partonic and hadronic degrees of freedom, a phase transition from hadronic to partonic matter-quark-gluon-plasma (QGP)-and a dynamical hadronization of quarks and antiquarks as well as final hadronic interactions. We investigate the role of in-medium effects on the K*, (K) over bar* meson dynamics by employing Breit-Wigner spectral functions for the K* with self-energies obtained from a self-consistent coupled-channelG-matrix approach. Furthermore, we confront the PHSD calculations with experimental data for p + p, Cu + Cu, and Au + Au collisions at energies up to root s(NN) = 200 GeV. Our analysis shows that, at relativistic energies, most of the final K* (observed experimentally) are produced during the late hadronic phase, dominantly by the K + pi -> K* channel, such that the fraction of the K* from the QGP is small and can hardly be reconstructed from the final observables. The influence of the in-medium effects on the K* dynamics at energies typical of the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider is rather modest due to their dominant production at low baryon densities (but high meson densities); however, it increases with decreasing beam energy. Moreover, we find that the additional cut on the invariant-mass region of the K* further influences the shape and the height of the final spectra. This imposes severe constraints on the interpretation of the experimental results.
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