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Author |
Bernabeu, J. |
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Title |
Symmetries and Their Breaking in the Fundamental Laws of Physics |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Symmetry-Basel |
Abbreviated Journal |
Symmetry-Basel |
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Volume |
12 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1316 - 27pp |
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Keywords |
flavour families; colour charges; gauge symmetries; chirality; discrete symmetries; neutrinos; spontaneous breaking |
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Abstract  |
Symmetries in the Physical Laws of Nature lead to observable effects. Beyond the regularities and conserved magnitudes, the last few decades in particle physics have seen the identification of symmetries, and their well-defined breaking, as the guiding principle for the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. Flavour SU(3) symmetry of hadrons led to the Quark Model and the antisymmetric requirement under exchange of identical fermions led to the colour degree of freedom. Colour became the generating charge for flavour-independent strong interactions of quarks and gluons in the exact colour SU(3) local gauge symmetry. Parity Violation in weak interactions led us to consider the chiral fields of fermions as the objects with definite transformation properties under the weak isospin SU(2) gauge group of the Unifying Electro-Weak SU(2) x U(1) symmetry, which predicted novel weak neutral current interactions. CP-Violation led to three families of quarks opening the field of Flavour Physics. Time-reversal violation has recently been observed with entangled neutral mesons, compatible with CPT-invariance. The cancellation of gauge anomalies, which would invalidate the gauge symmetry of the quantum field theory, led to Quark-Lepton Symmetry. Neutrinos were postulated in order to save the conservation laws of energy and angular momentum in nuclear beta decay. After the ups and downs of their mass, neutrino oscillations were discovered in 1998, opening a new era about their origin of mass, mixing, discrete symmetries and the possibility of global lepton-number violation through Majorana mass terms and Leptogenesis as the source of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. The experimental discovery of quarks and leptons and the mediators of their interactions, with physical observables in spectacular agreement with this Standard Theory, is the triumph of Symmetries. The gauge symmetry is exact only when the particles are massless. One needs a subtle breaking of the symmetry, providing the origin of mass without affecting the excellent description of the interactions. This is the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism, which produces the Higgs Boson as a remnant, discovered at CERN in 2012. Open present problems are addressed with by searching the New Physics Beyond-the-Standard-Model. |
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Address |
[Bernabeu, Jose] Univ Valencia, Dept Theoret Phys, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain, Email: Jose.Bernabeu@uv.es |
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Mdpi |
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English |
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WOS:000564717500001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4523 |
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Author |
Bernabeu, J.; Martinez-Vidal, F. |
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Title |
Colloquium: Time-reversal violation with quantum-entangled B mesons |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2015 |
Publication |
Reviews of Modern Physics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Rev. Mod. Phys. |
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Volume |
87 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
165-182 |
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Abstract |
Symmetry transformations have been proven a bedrock tool for understanding the nature of particle interactions, formulating, and testing fundamental theories. Based on the up to now unbroken CPT symmetry, the violation of the CP symmetry between matter and antimatter by weak interactions, discovered in the decay of kaons in 1964 and observed more recently in 2001 in B mesons, strongly suggests that the behavior of these particles under weak interactions must also be asymmetric under time reversal T. However, until recent years there has not been a direct detection of the expected time-reversal violation in the time evolution of any system. This Colloquium examines the field of time-reversal symmetry breaking in the fundamental laws of physics. For transitions, its observation requires an asymmetry with exchange of initial and final states. A discussion is given of the conceptual basis for such an exchange with unstable particles, using the quantum properties of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement available at B meson factories combined with the decay as a filtering measurement. The method allows a clear-cut separation of different transitions between flavor and CP eigenstates in the decay of neutral B mesons. These ideas have been implemented for the experiment by the BABAR Collaboration at SLAC's B factory. The results, presented in 2012, prove beyond any doubt the violation of time-reversal invariance in the time evolution between these two states of the neutral B meson. |
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Address |
[Bernabeu, J.; Martinez-Vidal, F.] Univ Valencia, CSIC, IFIC, E-46071 Valencia, Spain, Email: Jose.Bernabeu@uv.es; |
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Amer Physical Soc |
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English |
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0034-6861 |
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Notes |
WOS:000352076500001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
2179 |
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Author |
KLOE-2 Collaboration (Babusci, D. et al); Bernabeu, J. |
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Title |
Direct tests of T, CP, CPT symmetries in transitions of neutral K mesons with the KLOE experiment |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2023 |
Publication |
Physics Letters B |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Lett. B |
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Volume |
845 |
Issue |
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Pages |
138164 - 11pp |
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Keywords |
Discrete and finite symmetries; Kaon physics; CP violation |
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Abstract |
Tests of the T, CP and CPT symmetries in the neutral kaon system are performed by the direct comparison of the probabilities of a kaon transition process to its symmetry-conjugate. The exchange of in and out states required for a genuine test involving an antiunitary transformation implied by time-reversal is implemented exploiting the entanglement of K0K0 pairs produced at a 0 -factory.A data sample collected by the KLOE experiment at DAONE corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 1.7 fb-1 is analysed to study the At distributions of the 0 -> KSKL -> pi+pi- pi +/- e -/+ v and 0 -> KSKL -> pi +/- e -/+ v3 pi 0 processes, with At the difference of the kaon decay times. A comparison of the measured At distributions in the asymptotic region At ⠅ iS allows to test for the first time T and CPT symmetries in kaon transitions with a precision of few percent, and to observe CP violation with this novel method. |
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[Mandaglio, G.] INFN, Sez Catania, Catania, Italy, Email: eryk.czerwinski@uj.edu.pl |
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Elsevier |
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English |
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ISSN |
0370-2693 |
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Notes |
WOS:001080223500001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
5704 |
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Author |
Segarra, A.; Bernabeu, J. |
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Title |
Absolute neutrino mass and the Dirac/Majorana distinction from the weak interaction of aggregate matter |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2020 |
Publication |
Physical Review D |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phys. Rev. D |
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Volume |
101 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
093004 - 6pp |
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Abstract |
The 2 nu-mediated force has a range of microns, well beyond the atomic scale. The effective potential is built from the t-channel absorptive part of the scattering amplitude and depends on neutrino properties on shell. We demonstrate that neutral aggregate matter has a weak charge and calculate the matrix of six coherent charges for its interaction with definite-mass neutrinos. Near the range of the potential the neutrino pair is nonrelativistic, leading to observable absolute mass and Dirac/Majorana distinction via different r-dependence and violation of the weak equivalence principle. |
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Address |
[Segarra, Alejandro] Univ Valencia, Dept Theoret Phys, E-46100 Valencia, Spain |
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Publisher |
Amer Physical Soc |
Place of Publication |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
2470-0010 |
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Notes |
WOS:000532654200001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
no |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
4397 |
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Author |
Bernabeu, J.; Sabulsky, D.O.; Sanchez, F.; Segarra, A. |
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Title |
Neutrino mass and nature through its mediation in atomic clock interference |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2024 |
Publication |
AVS Quantum Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
AVS Quantum Sci. |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
014410 - 8pp |
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Keywords |
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Abstract |
The absolute mass of neutrinos and their nature are presently unknown. Aggregate matter has a coherent weak charge leading to a repulsive interaction mediated by a neutrino pair. The virtual neutrinos are non-relativistic at micron distances, giving a distinct behavior for Dirac versus Majorana mass terms. This effective potential allows for the disentanglement of the Dirac or Majorana nature of the neutrino via magnitude and distance dependence. We propose an experiment to search for this potential based on the concept that the density-dependent interaction of an atomic probe with a material source in one arm of an atomic clock interferometer generates a differential phase. The appropriate geometry of the device is selected using the saturation of the weak potential as a guide. The proposed experiment has the added benefit of being sensitive to gravity at micron distances. A strategy to suppress the competing Casimir-Polder interaction, depending on the electronic structure of the material source, as well as a way to compensate the gravitational interaction in the two arms of the interferometer is discussed. |
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Address |
[Bernabeu, Jose; Segarra, Alejandro] Univ Valencia, Dept Theoret Phys, E-46100 Valencia, Spain, Email: jose.bernabeu@uv.es |
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Publisher |
AIP Publishing |
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English |
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Notes |
WOS:001186930100001 |
Approved |
no |
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Is ISI |
yes |
International Collaboration |
yes |
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Call Number |
IFIC @ pastor @ |
Serial |
6118 |
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