Cauchi, M., Assmann, R. W., Bertarelli, A., Carra, F., Lari, L., Rossi, A., et al. (2015). Thermomechanical assessment of the effects of a jaw-beam angle during beam impact on Large Hadron Collider collimators. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top.-Accel. Beams, 18(2), 021001–14pp.
Abstract: The correct functioning of a collimation system is crucial to safely and successfully operate high-energy particle accelerators, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). However, the requirements to handle high-intensity beams can be demanding, and accident scenarios must be well studied in order to assess if the collimator design is robust against possible error scenarios. One of the catastrophic, though not very probable, accident scenarios identified within the LHC is an asynchronous beam dump. In this case, one (or more) of the 15 precharged kicker circuits fires out of time with the abort gap, spraying beam pulses onto LHC machine elements before the machine protection system can fire the remaining kicker circuits and bring the beam to the dump. If a proton bunch directly hits a collimator during such an event, severe beam-induced damage such as magnet quenches and other equipment damage might result, with consequent downtime for the machine. This study investigates a number of newly defined jaw error cases, which include angular misalignment errors of the collimator jaw. A numerical finite element method approach is presented in order to precisely evaluate the thermomechanical response of tertiary collimators to beam impact. We identify the most critical and interesting cases, and show that a tilt of the jaw can actually mitigate the effect of an asynchronous dump on the collimators. Relevant collimator damage limits are taken into account, with the aim to identify optimal operational conditions for the LHC.
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Cauchi, M., Assmann, R. W., Bertarelli, A., Carra, F., Cerutti, F., Lari, L., et al. (2015). Thermomechanical response of Large Hadron Collider collimators to proton and ion beam impacts. Phys. Rev. Spec. Top.-Accel. Beams, 18(4), 041002–14pp.
Abstract: The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to accelerate and bring into collision high-energy protons as well as heavy ions. Accidents involving direct beam impacts on collimators can happen in both cases. The LHC collimation system is designed to handle the demanding requirements of high-intensity proton beams. Although proton beams have 100 times higher beam power than the nominal LHC lead ion beams, specific problems might arise in case of ion losses due to different particle-collimator interaction mechanisms when compared to protons. This paper investigates and compares direct ion and proton beam impacts on collimators, in particular tertiary collimators (TCTs), made of the tungsten heavy alloy INERMET (R) 180. Recent measurements of the mechanical behavior of this alloy under static and dynamic loading conditions at different temperatures have been done and used for realistic estimates of the collimator response to beam impact. Using these new measurements, a numerical finite element method (FEM) approach is presented in this paper. Sequential fast-transient thermostructural analyses are performed in the elastic-plastic domain in order to evaluate and compare the thermomechanical response of TCTs in case of critical beam load cases involving proton and heavy ion beam impacts.
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LHCb Collaboration(Aaij, R. et al), Martinez-Vidal, F., Oyanguren, A., Ruiz Valls, P., & Sanchez Mayordomo, C. (2015). Observation of Two New Xi(-)(b) Baryon Resonances. Phys. Rev. Lett., 114(6), 062004–9pp.
Abstract: Two structures are observed close to the kinematic threshold in the Xi(0)(b)pi(-) mass spectrum in a sample of proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb(-1), recorded by the LEICb experiment. In the quark model, two baryonic resonances with quark content bds are expected in this mass region: the spin-parity J(P) = (1/2)(+) and J(P) = (3/2)(+) states, denoted Xi'(-)(b) and Xi*(-)(b). Interpreting the structures as these resonances, we measure the mass differences and the width of the heavier state to be m(Xi'(-)(b)) – m(Xi(0)(b)) – m(pi(-))=3.653 +/- 0.018 +/- 0.006 MeV/c(2), m(Xi*(-)(b)) – m(Xi(0)(b)) – m(pi(-)) = 23.96 +/- 0.12 +/- 0.06 MeV/e(2), Gamma(Xi*(-)(b)) = 1.65 +/- 0.31 +/- 0.10 MeV, where the first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The width of the lighter state is consistent with zero, and we place an upper limit of Gamma(Xi'(-)(b)) < 0.08 MeV at 95% confidence level. Relative production rates of these states are also reported.
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ATLAS Collaboration(Aad, G. et al), Cabrera Urban, S., Castillo Gimenez, V., Costa, M. J., Ferrer, A., Fiorini, L., et al. (2015). Measurements of the Nuclear Modification Factor for Jets in Pb plus Pb Collisions at root SNN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS Detector. Phys. Rev. Lett., 114(7), 072302–18pp.
Abstract: Measurements of inclusive jet production are performed in pp and Pb + Pb collisions at root SNN = 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.0 and 0.14 nb(-1), respectively. The jets are identified with the anti-k(t) algorithm with R = 0.4, and the spectra are measured over the kinematic range of jet transverse momentum 32 < pT < 500 GeV and absolute rapidity |y| < 2.1 and as a function of collision centrality. The nuclear modification factor R-AA is evaluated, and jets are found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of 2 in central collisions compared to pp collisions. The RAA shows a slight increase with pT and no significant variation with rapidity.
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LHCb Collaboration(Aaij, R. et al), Martinez-Vidal, F., Oyanguren, A., Ruiz Valls, P., & Sanchez Mayordomo, C. (2015). Measurement of the Semileptonic CP Asymmetry in B-0-(B)over-bar(0) Mixing. Phys. Rev. Lett., 114(4), 041601–9pp.
Abstract: The semileptonic CP asymmetry in B-0-(B) over bar (0) mixing, a(s1)(d), is measured in proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb(-1), recorded by the LHCb experiment. Semileptonic B-0 decays are reconstructed in the inclusive final states D-mu(+) and D*(-)mu(+), where the D- meson decays into the K+pi(-)pi(-) final state and the D*(-) meson into the (D) over bar (0)(-> K+pi(-))pi(-) final state. The asymmetry between the numbers of D-(*()-)mu(+) and D-(*()+)mu(-) decays is measured as a function of the decay time of the B-0 mesons. The CP asymmetry is measured to be a(s1)(d) = (-0.02 +/- 0.19 +/- 0.30)%, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. This is the most precise measurement of a(s1)(d) to date and is consistent with the prediction from the standard model.
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