@Article{Valdes-Cortez_etal2021,
author="Valdes-Cortez, C.
and Mansour, I.
and Rivard, M. J.
and Ballester, F.
and Mainegra-Hing, E.
and Thomson, R. M.
and Vijande, J.",
title="A study of Type B uncertainties associated with the photoelectric effect in low-energy Monte Carlo simulations",
journal="Physics in Medicine and Biology",
year="2021",
publisher="Iop Publishing Ltd",
volume="66",
number="10",
pages="105014--14pp",
optkeywords="Monte Carlo simulations; brachytherapy; low energy physics; photoelectric effect",
abstract="Purpose. To estimate Type B uncertainties in absorbed-dose calculations arising from the different implementations in current state-of-the-art Monte Carlo (MC) codes of low-energy photon cross-sections (<200 keV). Methods. MC simulations are carried out using three codes widely used in the low-energy domain: PENELOPE-2018, EGSnrc, and MCNP. Three dosimetry-relevant quantities are considered: mass energy-absorption coefficients for water, air, graphite, and their respective ratios; absorbed dose; and photon-fluence spectra. The absorbed dose and the photon-fluence spectra are scored in a spherical water phantom of 15 cm radius. Benchmark simulations using similar cross-sections have been performed. The differences observed between these quantities when different cross-sections are considered are taken to be a good estimator for the corresponding Type B uncertainties. Results. A conservative Type B uncertainty for the absorbed dose (k = 2) of 1.2{\%}-1.7{\%} (<50 keV), 0.6{\%}-1.2{\%} (50-100 keV), and 0.3{\%} (100-200 keV) is estimated. The photon-fluence spectrum does not present clinically relevant differences that merit considering additional Type B uncertainties except for energies below 25 keV, where a Type B uncertainty of 0.5{\%} is obtained. Below 30 keV, mass energy-absorption coefficients show Type B uncertainties (k = 2) of about 1.5{\%} (water and air), and 2{\%} (graphite), diminishing in all materials for larger energies and reaching values about 1{\%} (40-50 keV) and 0.5{\%} (50-75 keV). With respect to their ratios, the only significant Type B uncertainties are observed in the case of the water-to-graphite ratio for energies below 30 keV, being about 0.7{\%} (k = 2). Conclusions. In contrast with the intermediate (about 500 keV) or high (about 1 MeV) energy domains, Type B uncertainties due to the different cross-sections implementation cannot be considered subdominant with respect to Type A uncertainties or even to other sources of Type B uncertainties (tally volume averaging, manufacturing tolerances, etc). Therefore, the values reported here should be accommodated within the uncertainty budget in low-energy photon dosimetry studies.",
optnote="WOS:000655291500001",
optnote="exported from refbase (https://references.ific.uv.es/refbase/show.php?record=4847), last updated on Mon, 14 Jun 2021 09:02:01 +0000",
issn="0031-9155",
doi="10.1088/1361-6560/abebfd",
opturl="https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.02874",
opturl="https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/abebfd",
language="English"
}